Module mathcomp.analysis.trigo

From HB Require Import structures.
From mathcomp Require Import boot order ssralg ssrint ssrnum matrix.
From mathcomp Require Import interval rat.
#[warning="-warn-library-file-internal-analysis"]
From mathcomp Require Import unstable.
From mathcomp Require Import mathcomp_extra boolp classical_sets functions.
From mathcomp Require Import reals ereal interval_inference topology normedtype.
From mathcomp Require Import landau sequences derive realfun exp realfun.
From mathcomp Require Import measure lebesgue_measure lebesgue_integral ftc.

# Theory of trigonometric functions This file provides the definitions of basic trigonometric functions and develops their theories. ``` periodic f T == f is a periodic function of period T alternating f T == f is an alternating function of period T sin_coeff x == the sequence of coefficients of sin x sin x == the sine function, i.e., lim (series (sin_coeff x)) sin_coeff' x == the sequence of odd coefficients of sin x cos_coeff x == the sequence of coefficients of cos x cos x == the cosine function, i.e., lim (series (cos_coeff x)) cos_coeff' x == the sequence of even coefficients of cos x pi == pi tan x == the tangent function acos x == the arccos function asin x == the arcsin function atan x == the arctangent function ``` Acknowledgments: the proof of cos 2 < 0 is inspired from HOL-light, some proofs of trigonometric relations are taken from https://github.com/affeldt-aist/coq-robot.

Unset SsrOldRewriteGoalsOrder.
Set Implicit Arguments.
Unset Strict Implicit.
Unset Printing Implicit Defensive.
Import Order.TTheory GRing.Theory Num.Def Num.Theory.
Import numFieldNormedType.Exports.

Local Open Scope classical_set_scope.
Local Open Scope ring_scope.

Lemma ( : realFieldType) ( : R ^nat) :
cvg (series f @ \oo) -> (0 < k)%N ->
[series \sum_(n * k <= < n.+1 * k) f i]_ @ \oo --> lim (series f @ \oo).

Proof.

move=> /cvg_ballP cf k0; apply/cvg_ballP => _/posnumP[e].
have := [elaborate cf _ (gt0 e)] => -[n _ nl]; near=> m.
rewrite /ball /= [in X in `|_ - X|]/series [in X in `|_ - X|]/= -big_nat_mul.
have /nl : (n <= m * k)%N.
by near: m; exists n.+1 => //= p /ltnW /leq_trans /(_ (leq_pmulr _ k0)).
by rewrite /ball /= distrC.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma ( : realFieldType) ( : R ^nat) :
    cvg (series f @ \oo) ->
  (forall , 0 < f (n + d.*2)%N + f (n + d.*2.+1)%N) ->
  \sum_(0 <= < n) f i < lim (series f @ \oo).

Proof.

move=> /cvg_ballP cf fn.
have fn0 : 0 < f n + f n.+1 by have := fn 0%N; rewrite double0 addn0 addn1.
rewrite ltNge; apply: contraPN cf => ffn /(_ _ fn0).
have nf_ub N : \sum_(0 <= < n.+2) f i <= \sum_(0 <= < N.+1.*2 + n) f i.
  elim: N => // N /le_trans ->//; rewrite -(addn1 (N.+1)) doubleD addnAC.
  rewrite [in leRHS]/index_iota subn0 iotaD big_cat.
  rewrite -[in X in _ <= X + _](subn0 (N.+1.*2 + n)%N) lerDl /= add0n.
  by rewrite 2!big_cons big_nil addr0 -(addnC n) ltW// -addnS fn.
case=> N _ Nfn; have /Nfn/ltr_distlCDr : (N.+1.*2 + n >= N)%N.
  by rewrite doubleS -addn2 -addnn -2!addnA leq_addr.
rewrite addrA => ffnfn.
have : lim (series f @ \oo) + f n + f n.+1 <= \sum_(0 <= < N.+1.*2 + n) f i.
  apply: (le_trans _ (nf_ub N)).
  by do 2 rewrite big_nat_recr //=; by rewrite -2!addrA lerD2r.
by move/(lt_le_trans ffnfn); rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Section periodic.
Variables : zmodType.
Implicit Type f : U -> V.

Definition ( : U) := forall , f (u + T) = f u.

Lemma ( : U) : periodic f T -> forall , f (a + T *+ n) = f a.

Proof.

by move=> fT; elim=> [|n ih] a;[rewrite mulr0n addr0|rewrite mulrS addrA ih fT].
Qed.

End periodic.

Section alternating.
Variables ( : zmodType) ( : pzRingType).
Implicit Type f : U -> V.

Definition ( : U) := forall , f (x + T) = - f x.

Lemma ( : U) : alternating f T ->
forall , f (a + T *+ n) = (- 1) ^+ n * f a.

Proof.

move=> fT; elim => [a|n ih a]; first by rewrite mulr0n expr0 addr0 mul1r.
by rewrite mulrS addrA ih fT exprS mulrN mulN1r mulNr.
Qed.

End alternating.

Definition { : realType} ( : R) :=
  [sequence (odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n.-1./2 * x ^+ n / n`!%:R]_.

. : realType} : R := lim (series (sin_coeff x) @ \oo).
Canonical := Unlockable sin.unlock.

Definition { : realType} ( : R) :=
  [sequence (~~ odd n)%:R * (-1)^n./2 * x ^+ n / n`!%:R]_.

. : realType} : R := lim (series (cos_coeff x) @ \oo).
Canonical := Unlockable cos.unlock.

Section CosSin.
Variable : realType.
Implicit Types x y : R.

Lemma : sin_coeff x =
  (fun => (fun => (odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n.-1./2 * (n`!%:R)^-1) n * x ^+ n).

Proof.

by apply/funext => i; rewrite /sin_coeff /= -!mulrA [_ / _]mulrC. Qed.

Lemma : sin_coeff x n.*2 = 0.

Proof.

by rewrite /sin_coeff /= odd_double /= !mul0r. Qed.

Lemma : cvg (series (sin_coeff x) @ \oo).

Proof.

apply: normed_cvg.
apply: series_le_cvg; last exact: (is_cvg_series_exp_coeff `|x|).
- by move=> n; rewrite normr_ge0.
- by move=> n; rewrite divr_ge0.
- move=> n /=; rewrite /exp_coeff /sin_coeff /=.
rewrite !normrM normfV !normr_nat !normrX normrN normr1 expr1n mulr1.
by case: odd; [rewrite mul1r| rewrite !mul0r].
Qed.

Lemma : @sin R = fun =>
lim (pseries (fun => (odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n.-1./2 * (n`!%:R)^-1) x @ \oo).

Proof.

by apply/funext => x; rewrite /pseries unlock -sin_coeffE. Qed.

Definition ( : nat) := (-1)^n * x ^+ n.*2.+1 / n.*2.+1`!%:R.

Lemma : sin_coeff' x n = sin_coeff x n.*2.+1.

Proof.

by rewrite /sin_coeff' /sin_coeff /= odd_double mul1r -2!mulrA doubleK.
Qed.

Lemma : series (sin_coeff' x) @ \oo --> sin x.

Proof.

rewrite unlock.
have /(@cvg_series_cvg_series_group _ _ 2) := @is_cvg_series_sin_coeff x.
move=> /(_ isT); apply: cvg_trans.
rewrite [X in _ --> series X @ \oo](_ : _ = (fun => sin_coeff x n.*2.+1)).
rewrite funeqE=> n; rewrite /= 2!muln2 big_nat_recl //= sin_coeff_even add0r.
by rewrite big_nat_recl // big_geq // addr0.
rewrite [X in series X @ \oo --> _](_ : _ = (fun => sin_coeff x n.*2.+1)) //.
by rewrite funeqE => n; exact: sin_coeff'E.
Qed.

Lemma :
pseries_diffs (fun => (odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n.-1./2 * (n`!%:R)^-1) =
(fun => (~~(odd n))%:R * (-1) ^+ n./2 * (n`!%:R)^-1 : R).

Proof.

apply/funext => i; rewrite /pseries_diffs /= factS natrM invfM.
by rewrite [_.+1%:R * _]mulrC -!mulrA [_.+1%:R^-1 * _]mulrC mulfK.
Qed.

Lemma : series (@sin_coeff R 0) n.+1 = 0.

Proof.

rewrite /series /= big_nat_recl //= /sin_coeff /= expr0n divr1 !mulr1.
by rewrite big1 ?addr0 // => i _; rewrite expr0n !(mul0r, mulr0).
Qed.

Lemma : sin 0 = 0 :> R.

Proof.

rewrite unlock.
apply: lim_near_cst => //; near=> m; rewrite -[m]prednK; first by near: m.
rewrite -addn1 series_addn series_sin_coeff0 big_add1 big1 ?addr0//.
by move=> i _; rewrite /sin_coeff /= expr0n !(mulr0, mul0r).
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : cos_coeff x n.*2.+1 = 0.

Proof.

by rewrite /cos_coeff /= odd_double /= !mul0r. Qed.

Lemma : cos_coeff 2 0%N = 1 :> R.

Proof.

by rewrite /cos_coeff /= divr1 2!mul1r. Qed.

Lemma : cos_coeff 2 2%N = - 2%:R :> R.

Proof.

by rewrite /cos_coeff /= mul1r mulN1r mulNr mulfK. Qed.

Lemma : cos_coeff 2 4%N = 2%:R / 3%:R :> R.

Proof.

apply/eqP; rewrite eqr_div //= ?pnatr_eq0 // -exprnP sqrrN expr1n 2!mul1r.
by rewrite -natrX -2!natrM eqr_nat.
Qed.

Lemma :
cos_coeff x = (fun => (fun => (~~(odd n))%:R * (-1) ^+ n./2 *
(n`!%:R)^-1) n * x ^+ n).

Proof.

by apply/funext => i; rewrite /cos_coeff /= -!mulrA [_ / _]mulrC.
Qed.

Lemma : cvg (series (cos_coeff x) @ \oo).

Proof.

apply: normed_cvg.
apply: series_le_cvg; last exact: (is_cvg_series_exp_coeff `|x|).
- by move=> n; rewrite normr_ge0.
- by move=> n; rewrite divr_ge0.
- move=> n /=; rewrite /exp_coeff /cos_coeff /=.
rewrite !normrM normfV !normr_nat !normrX normrN normr1 expr1n mulr1.
by case: odd; [rewrite !mul0r | rewrite mul1r].
Qed.

Lemma : @cos R = fun =>
  lim (series (fun =>
                (fun => (~~(odd n))%:R * (-1)^+ n./2 * (n`!%:R)^-1) n
                * x ^+ n) @ \oo).

Proof.

by rewrite unlock; apply/funext => x; rewrite -cos_coeffE. Qed.

Definition ( : nat) := (-1)^n * x ^+ n.*2 / n.*2`!%:R.

Lemma : cos_coeff' x n = cos_coeff x n.*2.

Proof.

rewrite /cos_coeff' /cos_coeff /= odd_double /= mul1r -2!mulrA; congr (_ * _).
by rewrite (half_bit_double n false).
Qed.

Lemma : series (cos_coeff' x) @ \oo --> cos x.

Proof.

rewrite unlock.
have /(@cvg_series_cvg_series_group _ _ 2) := @is_cvg_series_cos_coeff x.
move=> /(_ isT); apply: cvg_trans.
rewrite [X in _ --> series X @ \oo](_ : _ = (fun => cos_coeff x n.*2)).
rewrite funeqE=> n; rewrite /= 2!muln2 big_nat_recr //= cos_coeff_odd addr0.
by rewrite big_nat_recl//= /index_iota subnn big_nil addr0.
rewrite [X in series X @ \oo --> _](_ : _ = (fun => cos_coeff x n.*2)) //.
by rewrite funeqE => n; exact: cos_coeff'E.
Qed.

Lemma :
pseries_diffs (fun => (~~ odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n./2 * n`!%:R^-1) =
(fun => - ((odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n.-1./2 * n`!%:R^-1) : R).

Proof.

apply/funext => [] [|i] /=.
by rewrite /pseries_diffs /= !mul0r mulr0 oppr0.
rewrite /pseries_diffs /= negbK exprS mulN1r !(mulNr, mulrN).
rewrite factS natrM invfM.
by rewrite [_.+1%:R * _]mulrC -!mulrA [_.+1%:R^-1 * _]mulrC mulfK.
Qed.

Lemma : series (cos_coeff 0) n.+1 = 1 :> R.

Proof.

rewrite /series /= big_nat_recl //= /cos_coeff /= expr0n divr1 !mulr1.
by rewrite big1 ?addr0 // => i _; rewrite expr0n !(mul0r, mulr0).
Qed.

Lemma : cos 0 = 1 :> R.

Proof.

rewrite unlock.
apply: lim_near_cst => //; near=> m; rewrite -[m]prednK; first by near: m.
rewrite -addn1 series_addn series_cos_coeff0 big_add1 big1 ?addr0//.
by move=> i _; rewrite /cos_coeff /= expr0n !(mulr0, mul0r).
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Global Instance : is_derive x 1 (@sin R) (cos x).

Proof.

rewrite sinE /=.
pose s : R^nat := fun => (odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ (n.-1)./2 / n`!%:R.
pose s1 := pseries_diffs s n * x ^+ n.
rewrite cosE /= /pseries (_ : (fun _ => _) = s1).
  by apply/funext => i; rewrite /s1 diffs_sin.
apply: (@pseries_snd_diffs _ _ (`|x| + 1)); rewrite /pseries.
- by rewrite -sin_coeffE; apply: is_cvg_series_sin_coeff.
- rewrite (_ : (fun _ => _) = cos_coeff (`|x| + 1)).
    by apply/funext => i; rewrite diffs_sin cos_coeffE.
  exact: is_cvg_series_cos_coeff.
- rewrite /pseries (_ : (fun _ => _) = - sin_coeff (`|x| + 1)).
    by apply/funext => i; rewrite diffs_sin diffs_cos sin_coeffE !fctE !mulNr.
  by rewrite is_cvg_seriesN; exact: is_cvg_series_sin_coeff.
- by rewrite [ltRHS]ger0_norm// addrC -subr_gt0 addrK.
Qed.

Lemma : derivable (@sin R) x 1.

Proof.

by apply: ex_derive; apply: is_derive_sin. Qed.

Lemma : continuous (@sin R).

Proof.

by move=> x; apply/differentiable_continuous/derivable1_diffP/derivable_sin.
Qed.

Global Instance : is_derive x 1 (@cos R) (- sin x).

Proof.

rewrite cosE /=.
pose s : R^nat := fun => (~~ odd n)%:R * (-1) ^+ n./2 / n`!%:R.
pose s1 := pseries_diffs s n * x ^+ n.
rewrite sinE /= /pseries.
rewrite (_ : (fun _ => _) = - s1).
  by apply/funext => i; rewrite /s1 diffs_cos !fctE mulNr opprK.
rewrite lim_seriesN ?opprK.
  rewrite (_ : s1 = - sin_coeff x).
    by apply/funext => i; rewrite /s1 diffs_cos sin_coeffE !fctE mulNr.
  by rewrite is_cvg_seriesN; exact: is_cvg_series_sin_coeff.
apply: (@pseries_snd_diffs _ _ (`|x| + 1)).
- by rewrite /pseries -cos_coeffE; apply: is_cvg_series_cos_coeff.
- rewrite /pseries (_ : (fun _ => _) = - sin_coeff (`|x| + 1)).
    by apply/funext => i; rewrite diffs_cos sin_coeffE !fctE mulNr.
  by rewrite is_cvg_seriesN; exact: is_cvg_series_sin_coeff.
- rewrite /pseries (_ : (fun _=> _) = - cos_coeff (`|x| + 1)); last first.
    by rewrite is_cvg_seriesN; exact: is_cvg_series_cos_coeff.
  apply/funext => i; rewrite diffs_cos pseries_diffsN.
  by rewrite diffs_sin cos_coeffE mulNr.
- by rewrite [ltRHS]ger0_norm// addrC -subr_gt0 addrK.
Qed.

Lemma : derivable (@cos R) x 1.

Proof.

by apply: ex_derive; apply: is_derive_cos. Qed.

Lemma : continuous (@cos R).

Proof.

by move=> x; exact/differentiable_continuous/derivable1_diffP/derivable_cos.
Qed.

Lemma : (cos x) ^+ 2 + (sin x) ^+ 2 = 1.

Proof.

set v := LHS; pattern x in v; move: @v; set f := (X in let _ := X x in _) => /=.
apply: (@eq_trans _ _ (f 0)); last by rewrite /f sin0 cos0 expr1n expr0n addr0.
apply: is_derive_0_is_cst => {}x.
by apply: trigger_derive; rewrite /GRing.scale /= mulrN -opprD mulrC addNr.
Qed.

Lemma : `| cos x | <= 1.

Proof.

rewrite -(expr_le1 (_ : 0 < 2)%nat) // -normrX ger0_norm ?exprn_even_ge0 //.
by rewrite -(cos2Dsin2 x) lerDl ?sqr_ge0.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= cos x.

Proof.

by rewrite lerNl; have /ler_normlP[] := cos_max x. Qed.

Lemma : cos x <= 1.

Proof.

by have /ler_normlP[] := cos_max x. Qed.

Lemma : `| sin x | <= 1.

Proof.

rewrite -(expr_le1 (_ : 0 < 2)%nat) // -normrX ger0_norm ?exprn_even_ge0 //.
by rewrite -(cos2Dsin2 x) lerDr ?sqr_ge0.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= sin x.

Proof.

by rewrite lerNl; have /ler_normlP[] := sin_max x. Qed.

Lemma : sin x <= 1.

Proof.

by have /ler_normlP[] := sin_max x. Qed.

Fact :
(sin (x + y) - (sin x * cos y + cos x * sin y)) ^+ 2 +
(cos (x + y) - (cos x * cos y - sin x * sin y)) ^+ 2 = 0.

Proof.

set v := LHS; pattern x in v; move: @v; set f := (X in let _ := X x in _) => /=.
apply: (@eq_trans _ _ (f 0)); last first.
by rewrite /f cos0 sin0 !(mul1r, mul0r, add0r, subr0, subrr, expr0n).
apply: is_derive_0_is_cst => {}x.
apply: trigger_derive; rewrite /GRing.scale/= !mulr0 !add0r addr0 !mulr1.
rewrite -!mulr2n -mulrnDl 2!mulrN 2!opprB -2!opprD mulrN.
by rewrite mulrC 2!(mulrC (cos y)) 2!(mulrC (sin y)) subrr mul0rn.
Qed.

Lemma : sin (x + y) = sin x * cos y + cos x * sin y.

Proof.

have /eqP := sinD_cosD x y.
rewrite paddr_eq0 => [||/andP[]]; try exact: sqr_ge0.
by rewrite sqrf_eq0 subr_eq0 => /eqP.
Qed.

Lemma : cos (x + y) = cos x * cos y - sin x * sin y.

Proof.

have /eqP := sinD_cosD x y.
rewrite paddr_eq0 => [||/andP[_]]; try exact: sqr_ge0.
by rewrite sqrf_eq0 subr_eq0 => /eqP.
Qed.

Lemma : sin x ^+ 2 = 1 - cos x ^+ 2.

Proof.

by move/eqP: (cos2Dsin2 x); rewrite eq_sym addrC -subr_eq => /eqP. Qed.

Lemma : cos x ^+ 2 = 1 - sin x ^+ 2.

Proof.

by move/eqP: (cos2Dsin2 x); rewrite eq_sym -subr_eq => /eqP. Qed.

Lemma : sin (x *+ 2) = (cos x * sin x) *+ 2.

Proof.

by rewrite mulr2n sinD mulrC -mulr2n. Qed.

Lemma : cos (x *+ 2) = cos x ^+2 *+ 2 - 1.

Proof.

by rewrite mulr2n cosD -!expr2 sin2cos2 opprB addrA mulr2n. Qed.

Fact :
(sin (- x) + sin x) ^+ 2 + (cos (- x) - cos x) ^+ 2 = 0.

Proof.

set v := LHS; pattern x in v; move: @v; set f := (X in let _ := X x in _) => /=.
apply: (@eq_trans _ _ (f 0)); last first.
by rewrite /f oppr0 cos0 sin0 !(addr0, subrr, expr0n).
apply: is_derive_0_is_cst => {}x.
apply: trigger_derive; rewrite /GRing.scale /=.
rewrite !mulrN1 !opprK -!mulr2n -mulrnDl mulrC.
by rewrite -opprB mulNr [- _ + _]addrC subrr mul0rn.
Qed.

Lemma : sin (- x) = - sin x.

Proof.

have /eqP := sinN_cosN x.
rewrite paddr_eq0 => [||/andP[]]; try exact: sqr_ge0.
by rewrite sqrf_eq0 addr_eq0 => /eqP.
Qed.

Lemma : cos (- x) = cos x.

Proof.

have /eqP := sinN_cosN x.
rewrite paddr_eq0 => [||/andP[_]]; try exact: sqr_ge0.
by rewrite sqrf_eq0 subr_eq0 => /eqP.
Qed.

Lemma : sin (Num.sg x * y) = Num.sg x * sin y.

Proof.

by case: sgrP; rewrite ?mul1r ?mulN1r ?sinN // !mul0r sin0. Qed.

Lemma : x != 0 -> cos (Num.sg x * y) = cos y.

Proof.

by case: sgrP; rewrite ?mul1r ?mulN1r ?cosN. Qed.

Lemma : cos (x - y) = cos x * cos y + sin x * sin y.

Proof.

by rewrite cosD cosN sinN mulrN opprK. Qed.

Lemma : sin (x - y) = sin x * cos y - cos x * sin y.

Proof.

by rewrite sinD cosN sinN mulrN. Qed.

Lemma : (`|cos x| == 1) = (sin x == 0).

Proof.

rewrite -sqrf_eq0 -sqrp_eq1 // -normrX ger0_norm ?exprn_even_ge0 //.
by rewrite [X in _ = (X == _)]sin2cos2 subr_eq0 eq_sym.
Qed.

Lemma : (`|sin x| == 1) = (cos x == 0).

Proof.

rewrite -sqrf_eq0 -sqrp_eq1 // -normrX ger0_norm ?exprn_even_ge0 //.
by rewrite [X in _ = (X == _)]cos2sin2 subr_eq0 eq_sym.
Qed.

Lemma : `|cos x| = 1 -> sin x = 0.

Proof.

by move/eqP; rewrite norm_cos_eq1 => /eqP. Qed.

Lemma : `|sin x| = 1 -> cos x = 0.

Proof.

by move/eqP; rewrite norm_sin_eq1 => /eqP. Qed.

Lemma : sin x = 0 -> `|cos x| = 1.

Proof.

by move/eqP; rewrite -norm_cos_eq1 => /eqP. Qed.

Lemma : cos `|x| = cos x.

Proof.

by case: (ler0P x); rewrite ?cosN. Qed.

End CosSin.
Arguments sin {R}.
Arguments cos {R}.

Lemma { : realType} ( : R) :
Itv.spec (@Itv.num_sem R) (Itv.Real `[-1, 1]%Z) (sin x).

Proof.

by apply/and3P; rewrite ?num_real !bnd_simp ?sin_geN1 ?sin_le1. Qed.

Canonical { : realType} ( : R) := Itv.mk (num_spec_sin x).

Lemma { : realType} ( : R) :
Itv.spec (@Itv.num_sem R) (Itv.Real `[-1, 1]%Z) (cos x).

Proof.

by apply/and3P; rewrite ?num_real !bnd_simp ?cos_geN1 ?cos_le1. Qed.

Canonical { : realType} ( : R) := Itv.mk (num_spec_cos x).

Section Pi.
Variable : realType.
Implicit Types (x y : R) (n k : nat).

Definition : R := get [set | 0 <= x <= 2 /\ cos x = 0] *+ 2.

Lemma : pi / 2 = get [set | 0 <= x <= 2 /\ cos x = 0].

Proof.

by rewrite -[pi]mulr_natr mulfK. Qed.

Lemma : cos 2 < 0 :> R.

Proof.

rewrite -(opprK (cos _)) oppr_lt0; have /cvgN h := @cvg_cos_coeff' R 2.
rewrite -(cvg_lim (@Rhausdorff R) h).
apply: (@lt_trans _ _ (\sum_(0 <= < 3) - cos_coeff' 2 i)).
  do 3 rewrite big_nat_recl//; rewrite big_nil addr0 3!cos_coeff'E double0.
  rewrite cos_coeff_2_0 cos_coeff_2_2 -muln2 cos_coeff_2_4 addrA -(opprD 1).
  rewrite opprB -(@natrB _ 2 1)// subn1/= -[in X in X - _](@divff _ 3%:R)//.
  by rewrite -mulrBl divr_gt0// -natrB// -[(_ - _)%N]/_.+1.
rewrite -seriesN lt_sum_lim_series //.
  by move/cvgP in h; by rewrite seriesN.
move=> d.
rewrite /cos_coeff' 2!exprzD_nat (exprSz _ d.*2) -[in (-1) ^ d.*2](muln2 d).
rewrite -(exprnP _ (d * 2)) (exprM (-1)) sqrr_sign 2!mulr1 -exprSzr.
rewrite -[4%Z]/(_ (2 * 2))%N -(exprnP _ (2 * 2)) (exprM (-1)) sqrr_sign.
rewrite mul1r [(-1) ^ 3](_ : _ = -1) ?mulN1r ?mulNr ?opprK.
  by rewrite -exprnP 2!exprS expr1 mulrN1 opprK mulr1.
rewrite subr_gt0.
rewrite addnS doubleS -[X in 2 ^+ X]addn2 exprD -mulrA ltr_pM2l//.
rewrite factS factS 2!natrM mulrA invfM !mulrA.
rewrite ltr_pdivrMr ?ltr0n ?fact_gt0// mulVf ?pnatr_eq0 ?gtn_eqF ?fact_gt0//.
rewrite ltr_pdivrMr ?mul1r //.
by rewrite expr2 -!natrM ltr_nat !mulSn !add2n mul0n !addnS.
Qed.

Lemma : 0 < x < 2 -> 0 < sin x.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gt0 x_lt2].
have sinx := @cvg_sin_coeff' _ x.
rewrite -(cvg_lim (@Rhausdorff R) sinx).
rewrite [ltLHS](_ : 0 = \sum_(0 <= < 0) sin_coeff' x i :> R).
by rewrite big_nil.
apply: lt_sum_lim_series; first by move/cvgP in sinx.
move=> d.
rewrite /sin_coeff' 2!exprzD_nat (exprSz _ d.*2) -[in (-1) ^ d.*2](muln2 d).
rewrite -(exprnP _ (d * 2)) (exprM (-1)) sqrr_sign 2!mulr1 -exprSzr.
rewrite !add0n!mul1r mulN1r -[d.*2.+1]addn1 doubleD -addSn exprD.
rewrite -(ffact_fact (leq_addl _ _)) addnK.
rewrite mulNr -!mulrA -mulrBr mulr_gt0 ?exprn_gt0 //.
set u := _.+1.
rewrite natrM invfM.
rewrite -[X in _ < X - _]mul1r !mulrA -mulrBl divr_gt0 // subr_gt0.
set v := _ ^_ _; rewrite -[ltRHS](divff (_ : v%:R != 0)).
by rewrite lt0r_neq0 // (ltr_nat _ 0) ffact_gt0 leq_addl.
rewrite ltr_pM2r; first by rewrite invr_gt0 (ltr_nat _ 0) ffact_gt0 leq_addl.
rewrite {}/v !addnS addn0 !ffactnS ffactn0 muln1 /= natrM.
by rewrite (ltr_pM (ltW _ ) (ltW _)) // (lt_le_trans x_lt2) // ler_nat.
Qed.

Lemma : cos 1 > 0 :> R.

Proof.

have h := @cvg_cos_coeff' R 1; rewrite -(cvg_lim (@Rhausdorff R) h).
apply: (@lt_trans _ _ (\sum_(0 <= < 2) cos_coeff' 1 i)).
  rewrite big_nat_recr//= big_nat_recr//= big_nil add0r.
  rewrite /cos_coeff' expr0z expr1n fact0 !mul1r expr1n expr1z.
  by rewrite !mulNr subr_gt0 mul1r div1r ltf_pV2 ?posrE ?ltr0n// ltr_nat.
apply: lt_sum_lim_series; [by move/cvgP in h|move=> d].
rewrite /cos_coeff' !(expr1n,mulr1).
rewrite -muln2 -mulSn muln2 -exprnP -signr_odd odd_double expr0.
rewrite -exprnP -signr_odd oddD/= muln2 odd_double/= expr1 add2n.
rewrite mulNr subr_gt0 2!div1r ltf_pV2 ?posrE ?ltr0n ?fact_gt0//.
by rewrite ltr_nat ltn_pfact//ltn_double doubleS.
Qed.

Lemma : exists2 : R, 1 <= pih <= 2 & cos pih = 0.

Proof.

have /IVT[] : minr (cos 1) (cos 2) <= (0 : R) <= maxr (cos 1) (cos 2).
  - by rewrite le_max (ltW cos1_gt0) ge_min (ltW cos2_lt0) orbC.
  - by rewrite ler1n.
  - by apply/continuous_subspaceT => ?; exact: continuous_cos.
by move=> pih /itvP pihI chpi_eq0; exists pih; rewrite ?pihI.
Qed.

Lemma :
0 <= x <= 2 -> cos x = 0 -> 0 <= y <= 2 -> cos y = 0 -> x = y.

Proof.

wlog xLy : x y / x <= y => [H xB cx0 yB cy0|].
  by case: (lerP x y) => [/H //| /ltW /H H1]; [exact|exact/esym/H1].
move=> /andP[x_ge0 x_le2] cx0 /andP[y_ge0 y_le2] cy0.
move: xLy; rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[//|xLLs].
have /(Rolle xLLs)[x1 _|x1|x1 x1I [_ x1D]] : cos x = cos y by rewrite cy0.
- exact: derivable_cos.
- by apply/continuous_subspaceT => ?; exact: continuous_cos.
- have [_ /esym/eqP] := is_derive_cos x1; rewrite x1D oppr_eq0 => /eqP Hs.
  suff : 0 < sin x1 by rewrite Hs ltxx.
  apply/sin2_gt0/andP; split.
  + by rewrite (le_lt_trans x_ge0)// (itvP x1I).
  + by rewrite (lt_le_trans _ y_le2)// (itvP x1I).
Qed.

Lemma : 0 <= pi / 2 <= 2 /\ cos (pi / 2) = 0.

Proof.

have [x /andP[x1 x2] cs0] := cos_exists; rewrite pihalfE.
case: xgetP => [_->[]//|/(_ x)/=].
by rewrite cs0 (le_trans _ x1)// x2 => /not_andP[].
Qed.

#[deprecated(note="Use pihalf_ge1 and pihalf_lt2 instead")]
Lemma : 0 < pi / 2 < 2.

Proof.

have [pih02 cpih] := pihalf_02_cos_pihalf.
rewrite 2!lt_neqAle andbCA -andbA pih02 andbT; apply/andP; split.
by apply/eqP => pih2; have := cos2_lt0; rewrite -pih2 cpih ltxx.
apply/eqP => pih0; have := @cos0 R.
by rewrite pih0 cpih; apply/eqP; rewrite eq_sym oner_eq0.
Qed.

Let : 1 <= pi / 2 < 2.

Proof.

have [/andP[pih0 pih2] cpih] := pihalf_02_cos_pihalf.
rewrite lt_neqAle andbA andbAC pih2 andbT; apply/andP; split; last first.
by apply/eqP => hpi2; have := cos2_lt0; rewrite -hpi2 cpih ltxx.
rewrite leNgt; apply/negP => hpi1; have [x /andP[x1 x2] cs0] := cos_exists.
have := @cos_02_uniq (pi / 2) x.
rewrite pih0 pih2 cpih (le_trans _ x1)// x2 cs0 => /(_ erefl erefl erefl erefl).
by move=> pih; move: hpi1; rewrite pih => /lt_le_trans/(_ x1); rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : 1 <= pi / 2.

Proof.

by have /andP[] := pihalf_12. Qed.

Lemma : pi / 2 < 2.

Proof.

by have /andP[] := pihalf_12. Qed.

Lemma : 2 <= pi.

Proof.

by have := pihalf_ge1; rewrite ler_pdivlMr// mul1r. Qed.

Lemma : 0 < pi

Proof.

by rewrite (lt_le_trans _ pi_ge2). Qed.

Lemma : 0 <= pi

Proof.

exact: (ltW pi_gt0). Qed.

Lemma : 0 < x < pi / 2 -> 0 < sin x.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gt0 xLpi]; apply: sin2_gt0; rewrite x_gt0 /=.
by apply: lt_trans xLpi _; exact: pihalf_lt2.
Qed.

Lemma : -(pi / 2) < x < pi / 2 -> 0 < cos x.

Proof.

wlog : x / 0 <= x => [Hw|x_ge0].
  case: (leP 0 x) => [/Hw//| x_lt_0].
  rewrite -{-1}[x]opprK ltrNl andbC [-- _ < _]ltrNl cosN.
  by apply: Hw => //; rewrite oppr_cp0 ltW.
move=> /andP[x_gt0 xLpi2]; case: (ler0P (cos x)) => // cx_le0.
have /IVT[]// : minr (cos 0) (cos x) <= 0 <= maxr (cos 0) (cos x).
  by rewrite cos0 /minr /maxr !ifN ?cx_le0 //= -leNgt (le_trans cx_le0).
- by apply/continuous_subspaceT => ?; exact: continuous_cos.
move=> x1 /itvP xx1 cx1_eq0.
suff x1E : x1 = pi/2.
  have : x1 < pi / 2 by apply: le_lt_trans xLpi2; rewrite xx1.
  by rewrite x1E ltxx.
apply: cos_02_uniq=> //; last by case pihalf_02_cos_pihalf => _ ->.
  by rewrite xx1 ltW // (lt_trans _ pihalf_lt2) // (le_lt_trans _ xLpi2) // xx1.
by rewrite divr_ge0 ?(ltW pihalf_lt2)// pi_ge0.
Qed.

Lemma : cos (pi / 2) = 0

Proof.

exact: pihalf_02_cos_pihalf.2. Qed.

Lemma : sin (pi / 2) = 1.

Proof.

have := cos2Dsin2 (pi / 2); rewrite cos_pihalf expr0n add0r.
rewrite -[in X in _ = X -> _](expr1n _ 2%N) => /eqP; rewrite -subr_eq0 subr_sqr.
rewrite mulf_eq0=> /orP[|]; first by rewrite subr_eq0=> /eqP.
rewrite addr_eq0 => /eqP spi21; have /sin2_gt0: 0 < pi / 2 < 2.
by rewrite pihalf_lt2 andbT (lt_le_trans _ pihalf_ge1).
by rewrite spi21 ltr0N1.
Qed.

Lemma : - (pi / 2) <= x <= pi / 2 -> 0 <= cos x.

Proof.

rewrite 2!le_eqVlt => /andP[/predU1P[<-|?]]; first by rewrite cosN cos_pihalf.
move=> /predU1P[->|?]; first by rewrite cos_pihalf.
by apply/ltW/cos_gt0_pihalf/andP.
Qed.

Lemma : cos pi = - 1.

Proof.

by rewrite /pi mulr2n cosD -pihalfE sin_pihalf mulr1 cos_pihalf mulr0 add0r.
Qed.

Lemma : sin pi = 0.

Proof.

by have := sinD (pi / 2) (pi / 2); rewrite cos_pihalf mulr0 mul0r -splitr addr0.
Qed.

Lemma : cos (pi *+ 2) = 1.

Proof.

by rewrite mulr2n cosD cospi sinpi mulrN1 opprK mulr0 subr0. Qed.

Lemma : sin (pi *+ 2) = 0.

Proof.

by rewrite mulr2n sinD sinpi cospi mul0r mulr0 add0r. Qed.

Lemma : alternating sin pi.

Proof.

by move=> a; rewrite sinD cospi mulrN1 sinpi mulr0 addr0. Qed.

Lemma : alternating cos pi.

Proof.

by move=> a; rewrite cosD cospi mulrN1 sinpi mulr0 subr0. Qed.

Lemma : periodic sin (pi *+ 2).

Proof.

by move=> a; rewrite sinD cos2pi sin2pi mulr0 mulr1 addr0. Qed.

Lemma : periodic cos (pi *+ 2).

Proof.

by move=> a; rewrite cosD cos2pi mulr1 sin2pi mulr0 subr0. Qed.

Lemma : cos (a + pi / 2) = - sin a.

Proof.

by rewrite cosD cos_pihalf mulr0 add0r sin_pihalf mulr1. Qed.

Lemma : cos (a - pi / 2) = sin a.

Proof.

by rewrite cosB cos_pihalf mulr0 add0r sin_pihalf mulr1. Qed.

Lemma : sin (a + pi / 2) = cos a.

Proof.

by rewrite sinD cos_pihalf mulr0 add0r sin_pihalf mulr1. Qed.

Lemma : sin (a - pi / 2) = - cos a.

Proof.

by rewrite sinB cos_pihalf mulr0 add0r sin_pihalf mulr1. Qed.

Lemma : 0 <= x <= pi -> 0 <= sin x.

Proof.

by move=> xI; rewrite -cosBpihalf cos_ge0_pihalf// lerBrDl subrr lerBDr -splitr.
Qed.

Lemma : 0 < x < pi -> 0 < sin x.

Proof.

by move=> xI; rewrite -cosBpihalf cos_gt0_pihalf// ltrBrDl subrr ltrBDr -splitr.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[0, pi] &, {mono cos : /~ y < x}}.

Proof.

move=> x y; rewrite !in_itv/= le_eqVlt; case: eqP => [<- _|_] /=.
  rewrite cos0 le_eqVlt; case: eqP => /= [<- _|_ /andP[y_gt0 gLpi]].
    by rewrite cos0 !ltxx.
  rewrite y_gt0; apply/idP.
  suff : cos y != 1 by case: ltrgtP (cos_le1 y).
  rewrite -cos0 eq_sym; apply/eqP => /Rolle [||x1|x1 /itvP x1I [_ x1D]] //.
    exact/continuous_subspaceT/continuous_cos.
  case: (is_derive_cos x1) => _ /eqP; rewrite x1D eq_sym oppr_eq0 => /eqP s_eq0.
  suff : 0 < sin x1 by rewrite s_eq0 ltxx.
  by apply: sin_gt0_pi; rewrite x1I /= (lt_le_trans (_ : _ < y)) ?x1I // yI.
rewrite le_eqVlt; case: eqP => [-> _ /andP[y_ge0]|/= _ /andP[x_gt0 x_ltpi]] /=.
  rewrite cospi le_eqVlt; case: eqP => /= [-> _|/eqP yDpi y_ltpi].
    by rewrite cospi ltxx.
  by rewrite ltNge cos_geN1 ltNge ltW.
rewrite le_eqVlt; case: eqP => [<- _|_] /=.
  rewrite cos0 [_ < 0]ltNge ltW //=.
  by apply/idP/negP; rewrite -leNgt cos_le1.
rewrite le_eqVlt; case: eqP => /= [-> _ | _ /andP[y_gt0 y_ltpi]].
  rewrite cospi x_ltpi; apply/idP.
  suff : cos x != -1 by case: ltrgtP (cos_geN1 x).
  rewrite -cospi; apply/eqP => /Rolle [||x1|x1 /itvP x1I [_ x1D]] //.
    exact/continuous_subspaceT/continuous_cos.
  case: (is_derive_cos x1) => _ /eqP; rewrite x1D eq_sym oppr_eq0 => /eqP s_eq0.
  suff : 0 < sin x1 by rewrite s_eq0 ltxx.
  by apply: sin_gt0_pi; rewrite x1I /= (lt_le_trans (_ : _ < x)) ?x1I.
wlog xLy : x y x_gt0 x_ltpi y_gt0 y_ltpi / x <= y => [H | ].
  case: (lerP x y) => [/H //->//|yLx].
  by rewrite !ltNge ltW ?(ltW yLx) // H // ltW.
move: (xLy); rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[->|xLLs]; first by rewrite ltxx.
rewrite xLLs -subr_gt0 -opprB; rewrite -subr_gt0 in xLLs; apply/idP.
have [x1|z /itvP zI ->] := @MVT_segment _ cos (- sin) _ _ xLy.
  exact/continuous_subspaceT/continuous_cos.
rewrite -mulNr opprK mulr_gt0 //; apply: sin_gt0_pi.
by rewrite (lt_le_trans x_gt0) ?zI //= (le_lt_trans _ y_ltpi) ?zI.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[ (- (pi/2)), pi/2] &, {mono sin : / x < y}}.

Proof.

move=> x y /itvP xpi /itvP ypi; rewrite -[sin x]opprK ltrNl.
rewrite -!cosDpihalf -[x < y](ltrD2r (pi /2)) ltr_cos// !in_itv/=.
- by rewrite -lerBlDr sub0r xpi/= [leRHS]splitr lerD2r xpi.
- by rewrite -lerBlDr sub0r ypi/= [leRHS]splitr lerD2r ypi.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[0,pi] &, injective (@cos R)}.

Proof.

move=> x y x0pi y0pi xy; apply/eqP.
by rewrite eq_le 2!leNgt -ltr_cos // xy ltxx -ltr_cos // xy ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[(- (pi/2)), (pi/2)] &, injective sin}.

Proof.

move=> x y /itvP xpi /itvP ypi sinE; have : - sin x = - sin y by rewrite sinE.
rewrite -!cosDpihalf => /cos_inj h; apply/(addIr (pi/2))/h; rewrite !in_itv/=.
- by rewrite -lerBlDr sub0r xpi/= [leRHS]splitr lerD2r xpi.
- by rewrite -lerBlDr sub0r ypi/= [leRHS]splitr lerD2r ypi.
Qed.

End Pi.

Arguments pi {R}.

Section Tan.
Variable : realType.

Definition ( : R) := sin x / cos x.

Lemma : tan 0 = 0 :> R.

Proof.

by rewrite /tan sin0 cos0 mul0r. Qed.

Lemma : tan pi = 0.

Proof.

by rewrite /tan sinpi mul0r. Qed.

Lemma : tan (- x) = - tan x.

Proof.

by rewrite /tan sinN cosN mulNr. Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> cos y != 0 ->
tan (x + y) = (tan x + tan y) / (1 - tan x * tan y).

Proof.

move=> cxNZ cyNZ.
rewrite /tan sinD cosD addf_div// [sin y * cos x]mulrC -[_ / _ / _]mulrA -invfM.
by congr (_ / _); rewrite mulf_div [RHS]mulrC mulrBl mul1r divfK // mulf_neq0.
Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> tan (x *+ 2) = tan x *+ 2 / (1 - tan x ^+ 2).

Proof.

by move=> cxNZ; rewrite mulr2n tanD. Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> (cos x) ^- 2 = 1 + tan x ^+ 2.

Proof.

move=> cosx.
by rewrite expr_div_n sin2cos2 mulrBl divff ?expf_neq0// subrKC mul1r.
Qed.

Lemma : tan (pi / 2) = 0.

Proof.

by rewrite /tan cos_pihalf invr0 mulr0. Qed.

Lemma : tan (pi / 4) = 1.

Proof.

rewrite /tan -cosBpihalf addrC [pi / 2]splitr opprD -mulrA -invfM -natrM.
rewrite subrK cosN divff// gt_eqF// cos_gt0_pihalf//.
rewrite ltr_pM2l ?pi_gt0// ltf_pV2 ?qualifE//= ltr_nat andbT.
by rewrite (@lt_trans _ _ 0)// ?oppr_lt0 ?divr_gt0 ?pi_gt0.
Qed.

Lemma : tan (x + pi) = tan x.

Proof.

by rewrite /tan cosDpi sinDpi divrNN. Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> {for x, continuous tan}.

Proof.

move=> cxNZ.
apply: continuousM; first exact: continuous_sin.
exact/(continuousV cxNZ)/continuous_cos.
Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> is_derive x 1 tan ((cos x)^-2).

Proof.

move=> cxNZ; apply: trigger_derive.
rewrite [_ *: - _]mulrNN [_^-1 *: _]mulVf // [_ *: _]mulrCA -expr2.
by rewrite sin2cos2 mulrBr mulr1 mulVf ?sqrf_eq0 // subrK.
Qed.

Lemma : cos x != 0 -> derivable tan x 1.

Proof.

by case/is_derive_tan. Qed.

Lemma : {in `](- (pi/2)), (pi/2)[ &, {mono tan : / x < y}}.

Proof.

move=> x y; wlog xLy : x y / x <= y => [H xB yB|/itvP xB /itvP yB].
  case: (lerP x y) => [/H //->//|yLx].
  by rewrite !ltNge ltW ?(ltW yLx) // H // ltW.
move: (xLy); rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[->|xLLs]; first by rewrite ltxx.
rewrite -subr_gt0 xLLs; rewrite -subr_gt0 in xLLs; apply/idP.
have [x1 /itvP x1I|z |] := @MVT_segment _ tan (fun => (cos x) ^-2) _ _ xLy.
- apply: is_derive_tan.
  rewrite gt_eqF // cos_gt0_pihalf // (@lt_le_trans _ _ x) ?x1I ?xB//=.
  by rewrite (@le_lt_trans _ _ y) ?x1I ?yB.
- apply/continuous_in_subspaceT => ? -/[!(@mem_setE R)] /itvP inI.
  apply: continuous_tan; rewrite gt_eqF// cos_gt0_pihalf//.
  by rewrite (@lt_le_trans _ _ x) ?xB ?inI// (@le_lt_trans _ _ y) ?yB ?inI.
- move=> x1 /itvP x1I ->.
  rewrite mulr_gt0 // invr_gt0 // exprn_gte0 // cos_gt0_pihalf //.
  by rewrite (@lt_le_trans _ _ x) ?x1I ?xB//= (@le_lt_trans _ _ y) ?x1I ?yB.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `](- (pi/2)), (pi/2)[ &, injective tan}.

Proof.

move=> x y xB yB tanE.
by case: (ltrgtP x y); rewrite // -ltr_tan ?tanE ?ltxx.
Qed.

End Tan.
Arguments tan {R}.

#[global] Hint Extern 0 (is_derive _ _ tan _) =>
  (eapply is_derive_tan; first by []) : typeclass_instances.

. : realType} ( : R) : R :=
  get [set | 0 <= y <= pi /\ cos y = x].
Canonical := Unlockable acos.unlock.

Section Acos.
Variable : realType.
Implicit Type x : R.

Lemma :
  -1 <= x <= 1 -> 0 <= acos x <= pi /\ cos (acos x) = x.

Proof.

move=> xB; rewrite unlock /acos; case: xgetP => //= He.
pose f := cos y - x.
have /(IVT (@pi_ge0 _))[] // : minr (f 0) (f pi) <= 0 <= maxr (f 0) (f pi).
  rewrite /f cos0 cospi /minr /maxr ltrD2r -subr_lt0 opprK (_ : 1 + 1 = 2)//.
  by rewrite ltrn0 subr_le0 subr_ge0.
- move=> y y0pi.
  by apply: continuousB; apply/continuous_in_subspaceT => ? ?;
    [exact: continuous_cos|exact: cst_continuous].
- rewrite /f => x1 /itvP x1I /eqP; rewrite subr_eq0 => /eqP cosx1E.
  by case: (He x1); rewrite !x1I.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> 0 <= acos x.

Proof.

by move=> /acos_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> acos x <= pi.

Proof.

by move=> /acos_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : {in `[(-1),1], cancel (@acos R) cos}.

Proof.

by move=> x; rewrite in_itv/==> /acos_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x < 1 -> 0 < acos x.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_geN1 x_lt1]; move: (x_lt1).
have : 0 <= acos x by rewrite acos_ge0 // x_geN1 ltW.
have : cos (acos x) = x by rewrite acosK// in_itv/= x_geN1/= ltW.
by case: ltrgt0P => // ->; rewrite cos0 => ->; rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 < x <= 1 -> acos x < pi.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_le1]; move: (x_gtN1).
have : acos x <= pi by rewrite acos_lepi // x_le1 ltW.
have : cos (acos x) = x by rewrite acosK// in_itv/= x_le1 ltW.
by case: (ltrgtP (acos x) pi) => // ->; rewrite cospi => ->; rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[0, pi], cancel (@cos R) (@acos R)}.

Proof.

move=> x xB; apply: cos_inj => //; rewrite ?acosK//; last first.
by move: xB; rewrite !in_itv/= => /andP[? ?];rewrite cos_geN1 cos_le1.
move: xB; rewrite !in_itv/= => /andP[? ?].
by rewrite acos_ge0 ?acos_lepi ?cos_geN1 ?cos_le1.
Qed.

Lemma : acos (1 : R) = 0.

Proof.

by have := @cosK 0; rewrite cos0 => -> //; rewrite in_itv //= lexx pi_ge0.
Qed.

Lemma : acos (0 : R) = pi / 2%:R.

Proof.

have := @cosK (pi / 2%:R).
rewrite cos_pihalf => -> //; rewrite in_itv//= divr_ge0 ?ler0n ?pi_ge0//=.
by rewrite ler_pdivrMr ?ltr0n// ler_peMr ?pi_ge0// ler1n.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= a <= 1 -> acos (- a) = pi - acos a :> R.

Proof.

move=> a1; have ? : -1 <= - a <= 1 by rewrite lerNl opprK lerNl andbC.
apply: cos_inj; first by rewrite in_itv/= acos_ge0//= acos_lepi.
- by rewrite in_itv/= subr_ge0 acos_lepi//= lerBlDl lerDr acos_ge0.
- by rewrite addrC cosDpi cosN !acosK.
Qed.

Lemma : acos (- 1) = (pi : R).

Proof.

by rewrite acosN ?acos1 ?subr0 ?lexx// -subr_ge0 opprK addr_ge0. Qed.

Lemma : - pi <= x <= 0 -> acos (cos x) = - x.

Proof.

by move=> pia0; rewrite -(cosN x) cosK// in_itv/= lerNr oppr0 lerNl andbC.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> sin (acos x) = Num.sqrt (1 - x^+2).

Proof.

move=> xB.
rewrite -[LHS]ger0_norm; first by rewrite sin_ge0_pi // acos_ge0 ?acos_lepi.
by rewrite -sqrtr_sqr sin2cos2 acosK.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 < x < 1 -> {for x, continuous (@acos R)}.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_lt1]; rewrite -[x]acosK.
  by have : -1 <= x <= 1 by rewrite !ltW //; case/andP: xB.
apply: nbhs_singleton (near_can_continuous _ _); last first.
  by near=> z; apply: continuous_cos.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : acos x \in `]0, pi[.
  by rewrite in_itv/= acos_gt0 ?ltW //= acos_ltpi // ltW ?andbT.
near=> z; apply: cosK.
suff /itvP zI : z \in `]0, pi[ by rewrite in_itv/= ltW zI.
by near: z.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma :
-1 < x < 1 -> is_derive x 1 (@acos R) (- (Num.sqrt (1 - x ^+ 2))^-1).

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_lt1]; rewrite -sin_acos ?ltW // -invrN.
rewrite -{1}[x]acosK; first by rewrite in_itv /= ?ltW.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : acos x \in `]0, pi[.
  by rewrite in_itv/= acos_gt0 ?ltW //= acos_ltpi // x_gtN1 ltW.
apply: (@is_derive_inverse R cos).
- near=> z; apply: cosK.
  suff /itvP zI : z \in `]0, pi[ by rewrite in_itv/= ?zI.
  by near: z.
- by near=> z; apply: continuous_cos.
- rewrite oppr_eq0 sin_acos ?ltW // sqrtr_eq0 // -ltNge subr_gt0.
  rewrite -real_normK ?qualifE/=; first by case: ltrgt0P.
  by rewrite exprn_cp1 // ltr_norml x_gtN1.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

End Acos.

#[global] Hint Extern 0 (is_derive _ 1 (@acos _) _) =>
  (eapply is_derive1_acos; first by []) : typeclass_instances.

. : realType} ( : R) : R :=
  get [set | -(pi / 2) <= y <= pi / 2 /\ sin y = x].
Canonical := Unlockable asin.unlock.

Section Asin.
Variable : realType.
Implicit Type x : R.

Lemma :
  -1 <= x <= 1 -> -(pi / 2) <= asin x <= pi / 2 /\ sin (asin x) = x.

Proof.

move=> xB; rewrite unlock /asin; case: xgetP => //= He.
pose f := sin y - x.
have /IVT[] // :
    minr (f (-(pi/2))) (f (pi/2)) <= 0 <= maxr (f (-(pi/2))) (f (pi/2)).
  rewrite /f sinN sin_pihalf /minr /maxr ltrD2r -subr_gt0 opprK.
  by rewrite (_ : 1 + 1 = 2)// ltr0n/= subr_le0 subr_ge0.
- by rewrite -subr_ge0 opprK -splitr pi_ge0.
- by move=> *; apply: continuousB; apply/continuous_in_subspaceT => ? ?;
   [exact: continuous_sin| exact: cst_continuous].
- rewrite /f => x1 /itvP x1I /eqP; rewrite subr_eq0 => /eqP sinx1E.
  by case: (He x1); rewrite !x1I.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> -(pi / 2) <= asin x.

Proof.

by move=> /asin_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> asin x <= pi / 2.

Proof.

by move=> /asin_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : {in `[(-1),1], cancel (@asin R) sin}.

Proof.

by move=> x; rewrite in_itv/= => /asin_def[/andP[]]. Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x < 1 -> asin x < pi/2.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_geN1 x_lt1]; move: (x_lt1).
have : asin x <= pi / 2 by rewrite asin_lepi2 // x_geN1 ltW.
have : sin (asin x) = x by rewrite asinK// in_itv/= x_geN1 ltW.
case: (ltrgtP _ ((pi / 2))) => // ->.
by rewrite sin_pihalf => <-; rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 < x <= 1 -> - (pi / 2) < asin x.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_le1]; move: (x_gtN1).
have : - (pi / 2) <= asin x by rewrite asin_geNpi2 // x_le1 ltW.
have : sin (asin x) = x by rewrite asinK// in_itv/= x_le1 ltW.
by case: (ltrgtP (asin x)) => //->; rewrite sinN sin_pihalf => <-; rewrite ltxx.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `[(- (pi / 2)), pi / 2], cancel (@sin R) (@asin R)}.

Proof.

move=> x; rewrite !in_itv/= => xB ; apply: sin_inj => //; last first.
by rewrite asinK// in_itv/= sin_geN1 sin_le1.
by rewrite in_itv/= asin_geNpi2/= ?asin_lepi2 ?sin_geN1 ?sin_le1.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 <= x <= 1 -> cos (asin x) = Num.sqrt (1 - x^+2).

Proof.

move=> xB; rewrite -[LHS]ger0_norm; last by rewrite -sqrtr_sqr cos2sin2 asinK.
by apply: cos_ge0_pihalf; rewrite asin_lepi2 // asin_geNpi2.
Qed.

Lemma : -1 < x < 1 -> {for x, continuous (@asin R)}.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_lt1]; rewrite -[x]asinK.
  by have : -1 <= x <= 1 by rewrite !ltW //; case/andP: xB.
apply: nbhs_singleton (near_can_continuous _ _); last first.
  by near=> z; apply: continuous_sin.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : asin x \in `](-(pi/2)), (pi/2)[.
  by rewrite in_itv/= asin_gtNpi2 ?ltW ?andbT //= asin_ltpi2 // ltW.
near=> z; apply: sinK.
suff /itvP zI : z \in `](-(pi/2)), (pi/2)[.
  by have : - (pi / 2) <= z <= pi / 2 by rewrite ltW ?zI.
by near: z.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma :
-1 < x < 1 -> is_derive x 1 (@asin R) (Num.sqrt (1 - x ^+ 2))^-1.

Proof.

move=> /andP[x_gtN1 x_lt1]; rewrite -cos_asin ?ltW //.
rewrite -{1}[x]asinK; first by have : -1 <= x <= 1 by rewrite ltW // ltW.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : asin x \in `](-(pi/2)), (pi/2)[.
  by rewrite in_itv/= asin_gtNpi2 ?ltW ?andbT //= asin_ltpi2 // ltW.
apply: (@is_derive_inverse R sin).
- near=> z; apply: sinK.
  suff /itvP zI : z \in `](-(pi/2)), (pi/2)[.
    by have : - (pi / 2) <= z <= pi / 2 by rewrite ltW ?zI.
  by near: z.
- by near=> z; exact: continuous_sin.
- rewrite cos_asin ?ltW // sqrtr_eq0 // -ltNge subr_gt0.
  rewrite -real_normK ?qualifE/=; first by case: ltrgt0P.
  by rewrite exprn_cp1 // ltr_norml x_gtN1.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

End Asin.

#[global] Hint Extern 0 (is_derive _ 1 (@asin _) _) =>
(eapply is_derive1_asin; first by []) : typeclass_instances.

. : realType} ( : R) : R :=
get [set | -(pi / 2) < y < pi / 2 /\ tan y = x].
Canonical := Unlockable atan.unlock.

Section oneDsqr.
Context { : realType}.
Implicit Type x : R.

Definition : R := 1 + x ^+ 2.

Lemma : 1 <= oneDsqr x :> R.

Proof.

by rewrite lerDl sqr_ge0. Qed.

#[local]
Hint Extern 0 (is_true (1 <= oneDsqr _)) => solve[apply: oneDsqr_ge1] : core.

Canonical : {itv R & `[1, +oo[} := @ItvReal R (oneDsqr x)
(BLeft 1%Z) (BInfty _ false) (oneDsqr_ge1 x) erefl.

Lemma : (oneDsqr\^-1) x <= 1

Proof.

by rewrite invf_le1. Qed.

Lemma : continuous oneDsqr.

Proof.

by move=> x; apply: cvgD => //; exact: exprn_continuous. Qed.

Lemma : continuous (oneDsqr\^-1).

Proof.

by move=> x; apply: cvgV => //; exact: continuous_oneDsqr. Qed.

End oneDsqr.
#[global]
Hint Extern 0 (is_true (1 <= oneDsqr _)) => solve [apply: oneDsqr_ge1] : core.

Section Atan.
Context { : realType}.
Implicit Type x : R.

Lemma : -(pi / 2) < atan x < pi / 2 /\ tan (atan x) = x.

Proof.

rewrite unlock /atan; case: xgetP => //= He.
pose x1 := Num.sqrt (1 + x ^+ 2)^-1.
have ox2_gt0 : 0 < 1 + x^2 by exact/ltr_pwDl/sqr_ge0.
have ox2_ge0 : 0 <= 1 + x^2 by rewrite ltW.
have x1B : -1 <= x1 <= 1.
  rewrite -ler_norml /x1 ger0_norm ?sqrt_ge0// -[leRHS]sqrtr1.
  by rewrite ler_psqrt ?qualifE/= ?invr_gte0// invf_le1// lerDl sqr_ge0.
case: (He (Num.sg x * acos x1)); split; last first.
  have [->|xD0] := eqVneq x 0; first by rewrite sgr0 mul0r tan0.
  rewrite /tan sin_sg cos_sg // acosK ?sin_acos// /x1 sqr_sqrtr// ?invr_ge0//.
  rewrite -[X in 1 - X]div1r -[X in X - _]divr1// -mulNr addf_div ?lt0r_neq0//.
  rewrite mul1r mulr1 [X in X - 1]addrC addrK// sqrtrM ?sqr_ge0// sqrtrV//.
  rewrite invrK// mulrA divfK//; first by rewrite sqrtr_eq0 -ltNge.
  by rewrite sqrtr_sqr -numEsg.
rewrite -ltr_norml normrM.
have pi2 : 0 < pi / 2 :> R by rewrite divr_gt0 // pi_gt0.
have [->|xD0] := eqVneq x 0; first by rewrite sgr0 normr0 mul0r.
rewrite normr_sg xD0 mul1r ltr_norml.
rewrite (@lt_le_trans _ _ 0) ?acos_ge0 ?oppr_cp0 //=.
rewrite -ltr_cos ?in_itv/= ?acos_ge0/= ?acos_lepi//.
  by rewrite ltW//= ler_pdivrMr// ler_pMr ?pi_gt0// ler1n.
by rewrite cos_pihalf acosK// sqrtr_gt0 ?invr_gt0.
Qed.

Lemma : - (pi / 2) < atan x.

Proof.

by have [/andP[]] := atan_def x. Qed.

Lemma : atan x < pi / 2.

Proof.

by have [/andP[]] := atan_def x. Qed.

Lemma : cancel (@atan R) tan.

Proof.

by move=> x; case: (atan_def x). Qed.

Lemma : atan 0 = 0 :> R.

Proof.

apply: tan_inj; last by rewrite atanK tan0.
- by rewrite in_itv/= atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
- by rewrite in_itv/= oppr_cp0 divr_gt0 ?pi_gt0.
Qed.

Lemma : atan 1 = pi / 4%:R :> R.

Proof.

apply: tan_inj; first 2 last.
by rewrite atanK tan_piquarter.
by rewrite in_itv/= atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
rewrite in_itv/= -divrN !ltr_pM2l ?pi_gt0// (lt_trans (_ : _ < 0))//=.
by rewrite ltf_pV2 ?qualifE//= ltr_nat.
Qed.

Lemma : atan (- x) = - atan x.

Proof.

apply: tan_inj; first by rewrite in_itv/= atan_ltpi2 atan_gtNpi2.
- by rewrite in_itv/= ltrNl opprK ltrNl andbC atan_ltpi2 atan_gtNpi2.
- by rewrite tanN !atanK.
Qed.

Lemma : {in `](- (pi / 2)), (pi / 2)[ , cancel (@tan R) (@atan R)}.

Proof.

move=> x xB; apply tan_inj => //; rewrite ?atanK//.
by rewrite in_itv/= atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
Qed.

Lemma : {for x, continuous (@atan R)}.

Proof.

rewrite -[x]atanK.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : atan x \in `](-(pi / 2)), (pi / 2)[.
by rewrite in_itv/= atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
apply: nbhs_singleton (near_can_continuous _ _); last first.
by near=> z; apply/continuous_tan/lt0r_neq0/cos_gt0_pihalf; near: z.
by near=> z; apply: tanK; near: z.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : cos (atan x) = (Num.sqrt (1 + x ^+ 2)) ^-1.

Proof.

have cos_gt0 : 0 < cos (atan x).
by apply: cos_gt0_pihalf; rewrite atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
have cosD0 : cos (atan x) != 0 by apply: lt0r_neq0.
have /eqP : cos (atan x) ^+2 = (Num.sqrt (1 + x ^+ 2))^-2.
by rewrite -[LHS]invrK cos2_tan2 // atanK sqr_sqrtr // addr_ge0 // sqr_ge0.
rewrite -exprVn eqf_sqr => /orP[] /eqP // cosE.
move: cos_gt0; rewrite cosE ltNge; case/negP.
by rewrite oppr_le0 invr_ge0 sqrtr_ge0.
Qed.

Global Instance : is_derive x 1 atan (1 + x ^+ 2)^-1.

Proof.

rewrite -{1}[x]atanK.
have cosD0 : cos (atan x) != 0.
by apply/lt0r_neq0/cos_gt0_pihalf; rewrite atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
have /near_in_itvoo aI : atan x \in `](-(pi/2)), (pi/2)[.
by rewrite in_itv/= atan_gtNpi2 atan_ltpi2.
apply: (@is_derive_inverse R tan).
- by near=> z; apply: tanK; near: z.
- by near=> z; apply/continuous_tan/lt0r_neq0/cos_gt0_pihalf; near: z.
- by rewrite -[X in 1 + X ^+ 2]atanK -cos2_tan2 //; exact: is_derive_tan.
exact/lt0r_neq0/ltr_pwDl/sqr_ge0.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : derivable atan x 1.

Proof.

exact: ex_derive. Qed.

Lemma : atan^`() =1 (fun => (1 + x ^+ 2)^-1).

Proof.

by move=> x; rewrite derive1E derive_val. Qed.

Lemma : {homo (@atan R) : / x < y}.

Proof.

move=> x y xy; rewrite -subr_gt0.
have datan z : z \in `]x, y[ -> is_derive z 1 atan (1 + z ^+ 2)^-1.
by move=> _; exact: is_derive1_atan.
have catan : {within `[x, y], continuous atan}.
by apply: derivable_within_continuous => z _; exact: ex_derive.
have [c _ ->] := MVT xy datan catan.
by rewrite mulr_gt0// ?subr_gt0// invr_gt0// ltr_wpDr// sqr_ge0.
Qed.

Lemma : {homo @atan R : / x <= y}.

Proof.

by move=> x y; rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[-> //|xy]; exact/ltW/lt_atan.
Qed.

Lemma : (@atan R) x @[ --> +oo] --> pi / 2.

Proof.

have ? : ubound (range (@atan R)) (pi / 2).
  by move=> _ /= [x _ <-]; exact/ltW/atan_ltpi2.
rewrite (_ : pi / 2 = sup (range atan)); last first.
  by apply/(nondecreasing_cvgr le_atan); exists (pi / 2).
apply/eqP; rewrite eq_le; apply/andP; split; last first.
  by apply: ge_sup => //; exists 0, 0 => //; exact: atan0.
have -> : pi / 2 = sup `[0, pi / 2[ :> R.
  by rewrite real_interval.sup_itv// bnd_simp divr_gt0// pi_gt0.
apply: supS.
- by exists 0; rewrite /= in_itv/= lexx/= divr_gt0// pi_gt0.
- split; first by exists 0, 0 => //; rewrite atan0.
  by exists (pi / 2) => _ [x _ <-]; exact/ltW/atan_ltpi2.
move=> x/= /itvP x0pi2; exists (tan x) => //=.
rewrite tanK// in_itv/= x0pi2 andbT (@lt_le_trans _ _ 0) ?x0pi2//.
by rewrite ltrNl oppr0 divr_gt0// pi_gt0.
Qed.

Let := @lebesgue_measure R.

Lemma : 0 <= b ->
\int[mu]_( in `[0, b]) (oneDsqr x)^-1 = atan b.

Proof.

rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[<-|b0].
  by rewrite set_itv1 Rintegral_set1 atan0.
rewrite /Rintegral (@continuous_FTC2 _ _ atan)//.
- by apply: continuous_in_subspaceT => x ?; exact: continuous_oneDsqrV.
- split.
  + by move=> x _; exact: derivable_atan.
  + by apply: cvg_at_right_filter; exact: continuous_atan.
  + by apply: cvg_at_left_filter; exact: continuous_atan.
- by move=> x x01; rewrite derive1_atan// mul1r.
- by rewrite atan0 sube0.
Qed.

Import MeasurableR.

Lemma :
(\int[mu]_( in `[0%R, +oo[) (oneDsqr x)^-1%:E = (pi / 2)%:E)%E.

Proof.

rewrite (ge0_continuous_FTC2y _ _ cvgy_atan)/=.
- by move=> x _; rewrite invr_ge0.
- apply/continuous_within_itvcyP; split.
by move=> x x0; apply: continuous_oneDsqrV.
by apply: cvg_at_right_filter; exact: continuous_oneDsqrV.
- move=> x x0; apply: ex_derive.
- by apply: cvg_at_right_filter; exact: continuous_atan.
- by move=> x _; rewrite derive1E; exact: derive_val.
- by rewrite atan0 oppr0 addr0.
Qed.

End Atan.

Files

Module mathcomp.analysis.trigo