Module mathcomp.analysis.reals


# An axiomatization of real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ This file provides a classical axiomatization of real numbers as a discrete real archimedean field with in particular a theory of floor and ceil. ``` realType == type of real numbers sup A == where A : set R with R : realType, the supremum of A when it exists, 0 otherwise inf A := - sup (- A) ``` The mixin corresponding to realType extends an archiFieldType with two properties: - when sup A exists, it is an upper bound of A (lemma sup_upper_bound) - when sup A exists, there exists an element x in A such that sup A - eps < x for any 0 < eps (lemma sup_adherent) ``` Rint == the set of real numbers that can be written as z%:~R, i.e., as an integer Rtoint r == r when r is an integer, 0 otherwise floor_set x := [set y | Rtoint y /\ y <= x] Rfloor x == the floor of x as a real number floor x == the floor of x as an integer (type int) range1 x := [set y |x <= y < x + 1] Rceil x == the ceil of x as a real number, i.e., - Rfloor (- x) ceil x := - floor (- x) ```

From mathcomp Require Import all_ssreflect all_algebra.
From mathcomp Require Import mathcomp_extra boolp classical_sets set_interval.

Require Import Setoid.

Declare Scope real_scope.

Set Implicit Arguments.
Unset Strict Implicit.
Unset Printing Implicit Defensive.
Unset SsrOldRewriteGoalsOrder.

Import Order.TTheory Order.Syntax GRing.Theory Num.Def Num.Theory.

Delimit Scope real_scope with real.

Local Open Scope classical_set_scope.
Local Open Scope ring_scope.

Section subr_image.
Variable R : numDomainType.
Implicit Types (E : set R) (x : R).

Lemma has_ub_lbN E : has_ubound E <-> has_lbound (-%R @` E).
Proof.
rewrite has_lb_ubN image_comp /comp /=.
by under eq_fun do rewrite opprK; rewrite image_id.
Qed.

Lemma has_lbound0 : has_lbound (@set0 R)
Proof.
by exists 0. Qed.

Lemma has_ubound0 : has_ubound (@set0 R)
Proof.
by exists 0. Qed.

Lemma ubound0 : ubound (@set0 R) = setT.
Proof.
by rewrite predeqE => r; split => // _. Qed.

Lemma lboundT : lbound [set: R] = set0.
Proof.
rewrite predeqE => r; split => // /(_ (r - 1) Logic.I).
rewrite ler_subr_addl addrC -ler_subr_addl subrr.
by rewrite real_leNgt ?realE ?ler01// ?lexx// ltr01.
Qed.

End subr_image.

Section has_bound_lemmas.
Variable R : realDomainType.
Implicit Types E : set R.
Implicit Types x : R.

Lemma has_ub_image_norm E : has_ubound (normr @` E) -> has_ubound E.
Proof.
case => M /ubP uM; exists `|M|; apply/ubP => r rS.
rewrite (le_trans (real_ler_norm _)) ?num_real //.
rewrite (le_trans (uM _ _)) ?real_ler_norm ?num_real //.
by exists r.
Qed.

Lemma has_inf_supN E : has_sup (-%R @` E) <-> has_inf E.
Proof.
split=> [ [NEn0 [x /ub_lbN xubE]] | [En0 [x /lb_ubN xlbe]] ].
by split; [apply/nonemptyN|rewrite -[E]setNK; exists (- x)].
by split; [apply/nonemptyN|exists (- x)].
Qed.

Lemma has_supPn {E} : E !=set0 ->
  ~ has_sup E <-> (forall x, exists2 y, E y & x < y).
Proof.
move=> nzE; split=> [/asboolPn|/has_ubPn h [_]] //.
by rewrite asbool_and (asboolT nzE) /= => /asboolP/has_ubPn.
Qed.

End has_bound_lemmas.

Module Real.
Section Mixin.

Variable (R : archiFieldType).

Record mixin_of : Type := Mixin {
   _ :
    forall E : set (Num.ArchimedeanField.sort R),
      has_sup E -> ubound E (supremum 0 E) ;
   _ :
    forall (E : set (Num.ArchimedeanField.sort R)) (eps : R), 0 < eps ->
      has_sup E -> exists2 e : R, E e & (supremum 0 E - eps) < e ;
}.

End Mixin.

Definition EtaMixin R sup_upper_bound sup_adherent :=
  let _ := @Mixin R sup_upper_bound sup_adherent in
  @Mixin (Num.ArchimedeanField.Pack (Num.ArchimedeanField.class R))
         sup_upper_bound sup_adherent.
Section ClassDef.

Record class_of (R : Type) : Type := Class {
  base : Num.ArchimedeanField.class_of R;
  mixin_rcf : Num.real_closed_axiom (Num.NumDomain.Pack base);
  mixin : mixin_of (Num.ArchimedeanField.Pack base)
}.

Local Coercion base : class_of >-> Num.ArchimedeanField.class_of.
Local Coercion base_rcf R (c : class_of R) : Num.RealClosedField.class_of R :=
  @Num.RealClosedField.Class _ c (@mixin_rcf _ c).

Structure type := Pack {sort; _ : class_of sort; _ : Type}.
Local Coercion sort : type >-> Sortclass.
Variables (T : Type) (cT : type).
Definition class := let: Pack _ c _ as cT' := cT return class_of cT' in c.
Definition clone c of phant_id class c := @Pack T c T.
Let xT := let: Pack T _ _ := cT in T.
Notation xclass := (class : class_of xT).

Definition rcf_axiom {R} (cR : Num.RealClosedField.class_of R) :
   Num.real_closed_axiom (Num.NumDomain.Pack cR) :=
  match cR with Num.RealClosedField.Class _ ax => ax end.
Coercion rcf_axiom : Num.RealClosedField.class_of >-> Num.real_closed_axiom.

Definition pack b0 (m0 : mixin_of (@Num.ArchimedeanField.Pack T b0)) :=
  fun bT b & phant_id (Num.ArchimedeanField.class bT) b =>
  fun (bTr : rcfType) (br : Num.RealClosedField.class_of bTr) &
      phant_id (Num.RealClosedField.class bTr) br =>
  fun cra & phant_id (@rcf_axiom bTr br) cra =>
  fun m & phant_id m0 m => Pack (@Class T b cra m) T.

Definition eqType := @Equality.Pack cT xclass.
Definition choiceType := @Choice.Pack cT xclass.
Definition porderType := @Order.POrder.Pack ring_display cT xclass.
Definition latticeType := @Order.Lattice.Pack ring_display cT xclass.
Definition distrLatticeType := @Order.DistrLattice.Pack ring_display cT xclass.
Definition orderType := @Order.Total.Pack ring_display cT xclass.
Definition zmodType := @GRing.Zmodule.Pack cT xclass.
Definition ringType := @GRing.Ring.Pack cT xclass.
Definition comRingType := @GRing.ComRing.Pack cT xclass.
Definition unitRingType := @GRing.UnitRing.Pack cT xclass.
Definition comUnitRingType := @GRing.ComUnitRing.Pack cT xclass.
Definition idomainType := @GRing.IntegralDomain.Pack cT xclass.
Definition numDomainType := @Num.NumDomain.Pack cT xclass.
Definition normedZmodType := NormedZmodType numDomainType cT xclass.
Definition fieldType := @GRing.Field.Pack cT xclass.
Definition realDomainType := @Num.RealDomain.Pack cT xclass.
Definition numFieldType := @Num.NumField.Pack cT xclass.
Definition realFieldType := @Num.RealField.Pack cT xclass.
Definition archimedeanFieldType := @Num.ArchimedeanField.Pack cT xclass.
Definition rcfType := @Num.RealClosedField.Pack cT xclass.
Definition join_rcfType := @Num.RealClosedField.Pack archimedeanFieldType xclass.

End ClassDef.

Module Exports.
Coercion base : class_of >-> Num.ArchimedeanField.class_of.
Coercion base_rcf : class_of >-> Num.RealClosedField.class_of.
Coercion mixin : class_of >-> mixin_of.
Coercion sort : type >-> Sortclass.
Bind Scope ring_scope with sort.
Coercion eqType : type >-> Equality.type.
Canonical eqType.
Coercion choiceType : type >-> Choice.type.
Canonical choiceType.
Coercion porderType : type >-> Order.POrder.type.
Canonical porderType.
Coercion latticeType : type >-> Order.Lattice.type.
Canonical latticeType.
Coercion distrLatticeType : type >-> Order.DistrLattice.type.
Canonical distrLatticeType.
Coercion orderType : type >-> Order.Total.type.
Canonical orderType.
Coercion zmodType : type >-> GRing.Zmodule.type.
Canonical zmodType.
Coercion ringType : type >-> GRing.Ring.type.
Canonical ringType.
Coercion comRingType : type >-> GRing.ComRing.type.
Canonical comRingType.
Coercion unitRingType : type >-> GRing.UnitRing.type.
Canonical unitRingType.
Coercion comUnitRingType : type >-> GRing.ComUnitRing.type.
Canonical comUnitRingType.
Coercion idomainType : type >-> GRing.IntegralDomain.type.
Canonical idomainType.
Coercion numDomainType : type >-> Num.NumDomain.type.
Canonical numDomainType.
Coercion normedZmodType : type >-> Num.NormedZmodule.type.
Canonical normedZmodType.
Coercion realDomainType : type >-> Num.RealDomain.type.
Canonical realDomainType.
Coercion fieldType : type >-> GRing.Field.type.
Canonical fieldType.
Coercion numFieldType : type >-> Num.NumField.type.
Canonical numFieldType.
Coercion realFieldType : type >-> Num.RealField.type.
Canonical realFieldType.
Coercion archimedeanFieldType : type >-> Num.ArchimedeanField.type.
Canonical archimedeanFieldType.
Coercion rcfType : type >-> Num.RealClosedField.type.
Canonical rcfType.
Canonical join_rcfType.

Notation realType := type.
Notation RealType T m := (@pack T _ m _ _ id _ _ id _ id _ id).
Notation RealMixin := EtaMixin.
Notation "[ 'realType' 'of' T 'for' cT ]" := (@clone T cT _ idfun)
  (at level 0, format "[ 'realType' 'of' T 'for' cT ]") : form_scope.
Notation "[ 'realType' 'of' T ]" := (@clone T _ _ id)
  (at level 0, format "[ 'realType' 'of' T ]") : form_scope.

End Exports.
End Real.

Export Real.Exports.

Definition sup {R : realType} := @supremum _ R 0.
Definition inf {R : realType} (E : set R) := - sup (-%R @` E).

Lemma sup_upper_bound {R : realType} (E : set R):
  has_sup E -> ubound E (sup E).
Proof.
by move=> supE; case: R E supE=> ? [? ? []]. Qed.

Lemma sup_adherent {R : realType} (E : set R) (eps : R) : 0 < eps ->
  has_sup E -> exists2 e : R, E e & (sup E - eps) < e.
Proof.
by case: R E eps=> ? [? ? []]. Qed.

Section IsInt.
Context {R : realFieldType}.

Definition Rint := [qualify a x : R | `[< exists z, x == z%:~R >]].
Fact Rint_key : pred_key Rint
Proof.
by []. Qed.
Canonical Rint_keyed := KeyedQualifier Rint_key.

Lemma Rint_def x : (x \is a Rint) = (`[< exists z, x == z%:~R >]).
Proof.
by []. Qed.

Lemma RintP x : reflect (exists z, x = z%:~R) (x \in Rint).
Proof.
by apply/(iffP idP) => [/asboolP[z /eqP]|[z]] ->; [|apply/asboolP]; exists z.
Qed.

Lemma RintC z : z%:~R \is a Rint.
Proof.
by apply/RintP; exists z. Qed.

Lemma Rint0 : 0 \is a Rint.
Proof.
by rewrite -[0](mulr0z 1) RintC. Qed.

Lemma Rint1 : 1 \is a Rint.
Proof.
by rewrite -[1]mulr1z RintC. Qed.

Hint Resolve Rint0 Rint1 RintC : core.

Lemma Rint_subring_closed : subring_closed Rint.
Proof.
split=> // _ _ /RintP[x ->] /RintP[y ->]; apply/RintP.
by exists (x - y); rewrite rmorphB. by exists (x * y); rewrite rmorphM.
Qed.

Canonical Rint_opprPred := OpprPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_addrPred := AddrPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_mulrPred := MulrPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_zmodPred := ZmodPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_semiringPred := SemiringPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_smulrPred := SmulrPred Rint_subring_closed.
Canonical Rint_subringPred := SubringPred Rint_subring_closed.

Lemma Rint_ler_addr1 (x y : R) : x \is a Rint -> y \is a Rint ->
  (x + 1 <= y) = (x < y).
Proof.
move=> /RintP[xi ->] /RintP[yi ->]; rewrite -{2}[1]mulr1z.
by rewrite -intrD !(ltr_int, ler_int) lez_addr1.
Qed.

Lemma Rint_ltr_addr1 (x y : R) : x \is a Rint -> y \is a Rint ->
  (x < y + 1) = (x <= y).
Proof.
move=> /RintP[xi ->] /RintP[yi ->]; rewrite -{3}[1]mulr1z.
by rewrite -intrD !(ltr_int, ler_int) ltz_addr1.
Qed.

End IsInt.

Section ToInt.
Context {R : realType}.

Implicit Types x y : R.

Definition Rtoint (x : R) : int :=
  if insub x : {? x | x \is a Rint} is Some Px then
    xchoose (asboolP _ (tagged Px))
  else 0.

Lemma RtointK (x : R): x \is a Rint -> (Rtoint x)%:~R = x.
Proof.
move=> Ix; rewrite /Rtoint insubT /= [RHS](eqP (xchooseP (asboolP _ Ix))).
by congr _%:~R; apply/eq_xchoose.
Qed.

Lemma Rtointz (z : int): Rtoint z%:~R = z.
Proof.
by apply/eqP; rewrite -(@eqr_int R) RtointK ?rpred_int. Qed.

Lemma Rtointn (n : nat): Rtoint n%:R = n%:~R.
Proof.
by rewrite -{1}mulrz_nat Rtointz. Qed.

Lemma inj_Rtoint : {in Rint &, injective Rtoint}.
Proof.
by move=> x y Ix Iy /= /(congr1 (@intmul R 1)); rewrite !RtointK. Qed.

Lemma RtointN x : x \is a Rint -> Rtoint (- x) = - Rtoint x.
Proof.
move=> Ir; apply/eqP.
by rewrite -(@eqr_int R) RtointK // ?rpredN // mulrNz RtointK.
Qed.

End ToInt.

Section RealDerivedOps.
Variable R : realType.

Implicit Types x y : R.
Definition floor_set x := [set y : R | (y \is a Rint) && (y <= x)].

Definition Rfloor x : R := sup (floor_set x).

Definition floor x : int := Rtoint (Rfloor x).

Definition range1 (x : R) := [set y | x <= y < x + 1].

Definition Rceil x := - Rfloor (- x).

Definition ceil x := - floor (- x).

End RealDerivedOps.

Section RealLemmas.

Variables (R : realType).

Implicit Types E : set R.
Implicit Types x : R.

Lemma sup_out E : ~ has_sup E -> sup E = 0
Proof.
exact: supremum_out. Qed.

Lemma sup0 : sup (@set0 R) = 0
Proof.
exact: supremum0. Qed.

Lemma sup1 x : sup [set x] = x
Proof.
exact: supremum1. Qed.

Lemma sup_ub {E} : has_ubound E -> ubound E (sup E).
Proof.
move=> ubE; apply/ubP=> x x_in_E; move: (x) (x_in_E).
by apply/ubP/sup_upper_bound=> //; split; first by exists x.
Qed.

Lemma sup_ub_strict E : has_ubound E ->
  ~ E (sup E) -> E `<=` [set r | r < sup E].
Proof.
move=> ubE EsupE r Er; rewrite /mkset lt_neqAle sup_ub // andbT.
by apply/negP => /eqP supEr; move: EsupE; rewrite -supEr.
Qed.

Lemma sup_total {E} x : has_sup E -> down E x \/ sup E <= x.
Proof.
move=> has_supE; rewrite orC.
case: (lerP (sup E) x)=> hx /=; [by left|right].
have /sup_adherent/(_ has_supE) : 0 < sup E - x by rewrite subr_gt0.
case=> e Ee hlte; apply/downP; exists e => //; move: hlte.
by rewrite opprB addrCA subrr addr0 => /ltW.
Qed.

Lemma sup_le_ub {E} x : E !=set0 -> (ubound E) x -> sup E <= x.
Proof.
move=> hasE leEx; set y := sup E; pose z := (x + y) / 2%:R.
have Dz: 2%:R * z = x + y.
  by rewrite mulrCA divff ?mulr1 // pnatr_eq0.
have ubE : has_sup E by split => //; exists x.
have [/downP [t Et lezt] | leyz] := sup_total z ubE.
  rewrite -(ler_add2l x) -Dz -mulr2n -[leRHS]mulr_natl.
  rewrite ler_pmul2l ?ltr0Sn //; apply/(le_trans lezt).
  by move/ubP : leEx; exact.
rewrite -(ler_add2r y) -Dz -mulr2n -[leLHS]mulr_natl.
by rewrite ler_pmul2l ?ltr0Sn.
Qed.

Lemma sup_setU (A B : set R) : has_sup B ->
  (forall a b, A a -> B b -> a <= b) -> sup (A `|` B) = sup B.
Proof.
move=> [B0 [l Bl]] AB; apply/eqP; rewrite eq_le; apply/andP; split.
- apply sup_le_ub => [|x [Ax|]]; first by apply: subset_nonempty B0 => ?; right.
  by case: B0 => b Bb; rewrite (le_trans (AB _ _ Ax Bb)) // sup_ub //; exists l.
- by move=> Bx; rewrite sup_ub //; exists l.
- apply sup_le_ub => // b Bb; apply sup_ub; last by right.
  by exists l => x [Ax|Bx]; [rewrite (le_trans (AB _ _ Ax Bb)) // Bl|exact: Bl].
Qed.

Lemma sup_gt (S : set R) (x : R) : S !=set0 ->
  (x < sup S -> exists2 y, S y & x < y)%R.
Proof.
move=> S0; rewrite not_exists2P => + g; apply/negP; rewrite -leNgt.
by apply sup_le_ub => // y Sy; move: (g y) => -[// | /negP]; rewrite leNgt.
Qed.

End RealLemmas.

Section sup_sum.
Context {R : realType}.

Lemma sup_sumE (A B : set R) :
  has_sup A -> has_sup B -> sup [set x + y | x in A & y in B] = sup A + sup B.
Proof.
move=> /[dup] supA [[a Aa] ubA] /[dup] supB [[b Bb] ubB].
have ABsup : has_sup [set x + y | x in A & y in B].
  split; first by exists (a + b), a => //; exists b.
  case: ubA ubB => p up [q uq]; exists (p + q) => ? [r Ar [s Bs] <-].
  by apply: ler_add; [exact: up | exact: uq].
apply: le_anti; apply/andP; split.
  apply: sup_le_ub; first by case: ABsup.
  by move=> ? [p Ap [q Bq] <-]; apply: ler_add; exact: sup_ub.
rewrite real_leNgt ?num_real// -subr_gt0; apply/negP.
set eps := (_ + _ - _) => epos.
have e2pos : 0 < eps / 2%:R by rewrite divr_gt0// ltr0n.
have [r Ar supBr] := sup_adherent e2pos supA.
have [s Bs supAs] := sup_adherent e2pos supB.
have := ltr_add supBr supAs.
rewrite -addrA [-_+_]addrC -addrA -opprD -splitr addrA /= opprD opprK addrA.
rewrite subrr add0r; apply/negP; rewrite -real_leNgt ?num_real//.
by apply: sup_upper_bound => //; exists r => //; exists s.
Qed.

Lemma inf_sumE (A B : set R) :
  has_inf A -> has_inf B -> inf [set x + y | x in A & y in B] = inf A + inf B.
Proof.
move/has_inf_supN => ? /has_inf_supN ?; rewrite /inf.
rewrite [X in - sup X = _](_ : _ =
    [set x + y | x in [set - x | x in A ] & y in [set - x | x in B]]).
  rewrite eqEsubset; split => /= t [] /= x []a Aa.
    case => b Bb <- <-; exists (- a); first by exists a.
    by exists (- b); [exists b|rewrite opprD].
  move=> <- [y] [b Bb] <- <-; exists (a + b); last by rewrite opprD.
  by exists a => //; exists b.
by rewrite sup_sumE // -opprD.
Qed.

End sup_sum.

Section InfTheory.

Variables (R : realType).

Implicit Types E : set R.
Implicit Types x : R.

Lemma inf_lower_bound E : has_inf E -> lbound E (inf E).
Proof.
move=> /has_inf_supN /sup_upper_bound /ubP inflb; apply/lbP => x.
by rewrite memNE => /inflb; rewrite ler_oppl.
Qed.

Lemma inf_adherent E (eps : R) : 0 < eps ->
  has_inf E -> exists2 e, E e & e < inf E + eps.
Proof.
move=> + /has_inf_supN supNE => /sup_adherent /(_ supNE)[e NEx egtsup].
exists (- e); first by case: NEx => x Ex <-{}; rewrite opprK.
by rewrite ltr_oppl -mulN1r mulrDr !mulN1r opprK.
Qed.

Lemma inf_out E : ~ has_inf E -> inf E = 0.
Proof.
move=> ninfE; rewrite -oppr0 -(@sup_out _ (-%R @` E)) => // supNE; apply: ninfE.
exact/has_inf_supN.
Qed.

Lemma inf0 : inf (@set0 R) = 0.
Proof.
by rewrite /inf image_set0 sup0 oppr0. Qed.

Lemma inf1 x : inf [set x] = x.
Proof.
by rewrite /inf image_set1 sup1 opprK. Qed.

Lemma inf_lb E : has_lbound E -> lbound E (inf E).
Proof.
by move/has_lb_ubN/sup_ub/ub_lbN; rewrite setNK. Qed.

Lemma inf_lb_strict E : has_lbound E ->
  ~ E (inf E) -> E `<=` [set r | inf E < r].
Proof.
move=> lE EinfE r Er; rewrite /mkset lt_neqAle inf_lb // andbT.
by apply/negP => /eqP infEr; move: EinfE; rewrite infEr.
Qed.

Lemma lb_le_inf E x : nonempty E -> (lbound E) x -> x <= inf E.
Proof.
by move=> /(nonemptyN E) En0 /lb_ubN /(sup_le_ub En0); rewrite ler_oppr.
Qed.

Lemma has_infPn E : nonempty E ->
  ~ has_inf E <-> (forall x, exists2 y, E y & y < x).
Proof.
move=> nzE; split=> [/asboolPn|/has_lbPn h [_] //].
by rewrite asbool_and (asboolT nzE) /= => /asboolP/has_lbPn.
Qed.

Lemma inf_setU (A B : set R) : has_inf A ->
  (forall a b, A a -> B b -> a <= b) -> inf (A `|` B) = inf A.
Proof.
move=> hiA AB; congr (- _).
rewrite image_setU setUC sup_setU //; first exact/has_inf_supN.
by move=> _ _ [] b Bb <-{} [] a Aa <-{}; rewrite ler_oppl opprK; apply AB.
Qed.

Lemma inf_lt (S : set R) (x : R) : S !=set0 ->
  (inf S < x -> exists2 y, S y & y < x)%R.
Proof.
move=> /nonemptyN S0; rewrite /inf ltr_oppl => /sup_gt => /(_ S0)[r [r' Sr']].
by move=> <-; rewrite ltr_oppr opprK => r'x; exists r'.
Qed.

End InfTheory.

Section FloorTheory.
Variable R : realType.

Implicit Types x y : R.

Lemma has_sup_floor_set x : has_sup (floor_set x).
Proof.
split; [exists (- (Num.bound (-x))%:~R) | exists (Num.bound x)%:~R].
  rewrite /floor_set/mkset rpredN rpred_int /= ler_oppl.
  case: (ger0P (-x)) => [/archi_boundP/ltW//|].
  by move/ltW/le_trans; apply; rewrite ler0z.
apply/ubP=> y /andP[_] /le_trans; apply.
case: (ger0P x)=> [/archi_boundP/ltW|] //.
by move/ltW/le_trans; apply; rewrite ler0z.
Qed.

Lemma sup_in_floor_set x : (floor_set x) (sup (floor_set x)).
Proof.
have /(sup_adherent ltr01) [y Fy] := has_sup_floor_set x.
have /sup_upper_bound /ubP /(_ _ Fy) := has_sup_floor_set x.
rewrite le_eqVlt=> /orP[/eqP<-//| lt_yFx].
rewrite ltr_subl_addr -ltr_subl_addl => lt1_FxBy.
pose e := sup (floor_set x) - y; have := has_sup_floor_set x.
move/sup_adherent=> -/(_ e) []; first by rewrite subr_gt0.
move=> z Fz; rewrite /e opprB addrCA subrr addr0 => lt_yz.
have /sup_upper_bound /ubP /(_ _ Fz) := has_sup_floor_set x.
rewrite -(ler_add2r (-y)) => /le_lt_trans /(_ lt1_FxBy).
case/andP: Fy Fz lt_yz=> /RintP[yi -> _].
case/andP=> /RintP[zi -> _]; rewrite -rmorphB /= ltrz1 ltr_int.
rewrite lt_neqAle => /andP[ne_yz le_yz].
rewrite -[_-_]gez0_abs ?subr_ge0 // ltz_nat ltnS leqn0.
by rewrite absz_eq0 subr_eq0 eq_sym (negbTE ne_yz).
Qed.

Lemma isint_Rfloor x : Rfloor x \is a Rint.
Proof.
by case/andP: (sup_in_floor_set x). Qed.

Lemma RfloorE x : Rfloor x = (floor x)%:~R.
Proof.
by rewrite /floor RtointK ?isint_Rfloor. Qed.

Lemma mem_rg1_Rfloor x : (range1 (Rfloor x)) x.
Proof.
rewrite /range1/mkset.
have /andP[_ ->] /= := sup_in_floor_set x.
have [|] := pselect ((floor_set x) (Rfloor x + 1)); last first.
  rewrite /floor_set => /negP.
  by rewrite negb_and -ltNge rpredD // ?(Rint1, isint_Rfloor).
move/ubP : (sup_upper_bound (has_sup_floor_set x)) => h/h.
by rewrite ger_addl ler10.
Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_le x : Rfloor x <= x.
Proof.
by case/andP: (mem_rg1_Rfloor x). Qed.

Lemma floor_le x : (floor x)%:~R <= x.
Proof.
by rewrite -RfloorE; exact: Rfloor_le. Qed.

Lemma lt_succ_Rfloor x : x < Rfloor x + 1.
Proof.
by case/andP: (mem_rg1_Rfloor x). Qed.

Lemma range1z_inj x (m1 m2 : int) :
  (range1 m1%:~R) x -> (range1 m2%:~R) x -> m1 = m2.
Proof.
move=> /andP[m1x x_m1] /andP[m2x x_m2].
wlog suffices: m1 m2 m1x {x_m1 m2x} x_m2 / (m1 <= m2).
  by move=> ih; apply/eqP; rewrite eq_le !ih.
rewrite -(ler_add2r 1) lez_addr1 -(@ltr_int R) intrD.
exact/(le_lt_trans m1x).
Qed.

Lemma range1rr x : (range1 x) x.
Proof.
by rewrite /range1/mkset lexx /= ltr_addl ltr01. Qed.

Lemma range1zP (m : int) x : Rfloor x = m%:~R <-> (range1 m%:~R) x.
Proof.
split=> [<-|h]; first exact/mem_rg1_Rfloor.
apply/eqP; rewrite RfloorE eqr_int; apply/eqP/(@range1z_inj x) => //.
by rewrite /range1/mkset -RfloorE mem_rg1_Rfloor.
Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_natz (z : int) : Rfloor z%:~R = z%:~R :> R.
Proof.
by apply/range1zP/range1rr. Qed.

Lemma Rfloor0 : Rfloor 0 = 0 :> R.
Proof.
by rewrite -{1}(mulr0z 1) Rfloor_natz. Qed.

Lemma Rfloor1 : Rfloor 1 = 1 :> R.
Proof.
by rewrite -{1}(mulr1z 1) Rfloor_natz. Qed.

Lemma le_Rfloor : {homo (@Rfloor R) : x y / x <= y}.
Proof.
move=> x y le_xy; case: lerP=> //=; rewrite -Rint_ler_addr1 ?isint_Rfloor //.
move/(lt_le_trans (lt_succ_Rfloor y))/lt_le_trans/(_ (Rfloor_le x)).
by rewrite ltNge le_xy.
Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_ge_int x (n : int) : (n%:~R <= x)= (n%:~R <= Rfloor x).
Proof.
apply/idP/idP; last by move/le_trans => /(_ _ (Rfloor_le x)).
by move/le_Rfloor; apply le_trans; rewrite Rfloor_natz.
Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_lt_int x (z : int) : (x < z%:~R) = (Rfloor x < z%:~R).
Proof.
by rewrite ltNge Rfloor_ge_int -ltNge. Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_le0 x : x <= 0 -> Rfloor x <= 0.
Proof.
by move=> ?; rewrite -Rfloor0 le_Rfloor. Qed.

Lemma Rfloor_lt0 x : x < 0 -> Rfloor x < 0.
Proof.
by move=> x0; rewrite (le_lt_trans _ x0) // Rfloor_le. Qed.

Lemma floor_natz n : floor (n%:R : R) = n%:~R :> int.
Proof.
by rewrite /floor (Rfloor_natz n) Rtointz intz. Qed.

Lemma floor0 : floor (0 : R) = 0.
Proof.
by rewrite /floor Rfloor0 (_ : 0 = 0%:R) // Rtointn. Qed.

Lemma floor1 : floor (1 : R) = 1.
Proof.
by rewrite /floor Rfloor1 (_ : 1 = 1%:R) // Rtointn. Qed.

Lemma floor_ge0 x : (0 <= floor x) = (0 <= x).
Proof.
by rewrite -(@ler_int R) -RfloorE -Rfloor_ge_int. Qed.

Lemma floor_le0 x : x <= 0 -> floor x <= 0.
Proof.
by move=> ?; rewrite -(@ler_int R) -RfloorE Rfloor_le0. Qed.

Lemma floor_lt0 x : x < 0 -> floor x < 0.
Proof.
by move=> ?; rewrite -(@ltrz0 R) RtointK ?isint_Rfloor// Rfloor_lt0. Qed.

Lemma le_floor : {homo @floor R : x y / x <= y}.
Proof.
by move=>*; rewrite -(@ler_int R) !RtointK ?isint_Rfloor ?le_Rfloor. Qed.

Lemma floor_neq0 x : (floor x != 0) = (x < 0) || (x >= 1).
Proof.
apply/idP/orP => [|[x0|/le_floor r1]]; first rewrite neq_lt => /orP[x0|x0].
- by left; apply: contra_lt x0; rewrite floor_ge0.
- by right; rewrite (le_trans _ (floor_le _))// ler1z -gtz0_ge1.
- by rewrite lt_eqF//; apply: contra_lt x0; rewrite floor_ge0.
- by rewrite gt_eqF// (lt_le_trans _ r1)// floor1.
Qed.

Lemma lt_succ_floor x : x < (floor x)%:~R + 1.
Proof.
by rewrite -RfloorE lt_succ_Rfloor. Qed.

Lemma floor_lt_int x (z : int) : (x < z%:~R) = (floor x < z).
Proof.
by rewrite Rfloor_lt_int RfloorE ltr_int. Qed.

Lemma floor_ge_int x (z : int) : (z%:~R <= x) = (z <= floor x).
Proof.
by rewrite Rfloor_ge_int RfloorE ler_int. Qed.

Lemma ltr_add_invr (y x : R) : y < x -> exists k, y + k.+1%:R^-1 < x.
Proof.
move=> yx; exists `|floor (x - y)^-1|%N.
rewrite -ltr_subr_addl -{2}(invrK (x - y)%R) ltf_pinv ?qualifE ?ltr0n//.
  by rewrite invr_gt0 subr_gt0.
rewrite -natr1 natr_absz ger0_norm.
  by rewrite floor_ge0 invr_ge0 subr_ge0 ltW.
by rewrite -RfloorE lt_succ_Rfloor.
Qed.

End FloorTheory.

Section CeilTheory.
Variable R : realType.

Implicit Types x y : R.

Lemma isint_Rceil x : Rceil x \is a Rint.
Proof.
by rewrite /Rceil rpredN isint_Rfloor. Qed.

Lemma Rceil0 : Rceil 0 = 0 :> R.
Proof.
by rewrite /Rceil oppr0 Rfloor0 oppr0. Qed.

Lemma Rceil_ge x : x <= Rceil x.
Proof.
by rewrite /Rceil ler_oppr Rfloor_le. Qed.

Lemma le_Rceil : {homo (@Rceil R) : x y / x <= y}.
Proof.
by move=> x y ?; rewrite ler_oppl opprK le_Rfloor // ler_oppl opprK. Qed.

Lemma Rceil_ge0 x : 0 <= x -> 0 <= Rceil x.
Proof.
by move=> ?; rewrite -Rceil0 le_Rceil. Qed.

Lemma RceilE x : Rceil x = (ceil x)%:~R.
Proof.
by rewrite /Rceil /ceil RfloorE mulrNz. Qed.

Lemma ceil_ge x : x <= (ceil x)%:~R.
Proof.
by rewrite -RceilE; exact: Rceil_ge. Qed.

Lemma ceil_ge0 x : 0 <= x -> 0 <= ceil x.
Proof.
by move/(ge_trans (ceil_ge x)); rewrite -(ler_int R). Qed.

Lemma ceil_gt0 x : 0 < x -> 0 < ceil x.
Proof.
by move=> ?; rewrite /ceil oppr_gt0 floor_lt0 // ltr_oppl oppr0. Qed.

Lemma ceil_le0 x : x <= 0 -> ceil x <= 0.
Proof.
by move=> x0; rewrite -ler_oppl oppr0 floor_ge0 -ler_oppr oppr0. Qed.

Lemma le_ceil : {homo @ceil R : x y / x <= y}.
Proof.
by move=> x y xy; rewrite ler_oppl opprK le_floor // ler_oppl opprK. Qed.

Lemma ceil_ge_int x (z : int) : (x <= z%:~R) = (ceil x <= z).
Proof.
by rewrite /ceil ler_oppl -floor_ge_int// -ler_oppr mulrNz opprK. Qed.

Lemma ceil_lt_int x (z : int) : (z%:~R < x) = (z < ceil x).
Proof.
by rewrite ltNge ceil_ge_int -ltNge. Qed.

Lemma ceilN x : ceil (- x) = - floor x
Proof.
by rewrite /ceil opprK. Qed.

Lemma floorN x : floor (- x) = - ceil x
Proof.
by rewrite /ceil opprK. Qed.

End CeilTheory.

Section Sup.
Context {R : realType}.
Implicit Types A B : set R.

Lemma le_down A : A `<=` down A.
Proof.
by move=> x xA; apply/downP; exists x. Qed.

Lemma downK A : down (down A) = down A.
Proof.
rewrite predeqE => x; split; last by move=> Ax; apply/downP; exists x.
case/downP => y /downP[z Az yz xy].
by apply/downP; exists z => //; rewrite (le_trans xy).
Qed.

Lemma has_sup_down A : has_sup (down A) <-> has_sup A.
Proof.
split=> -[nzA nzubA].
  case: nzA => x /downP[y yS le_xy]; split; first by exists y.
  case: nzubA=> u /ubP ubA; exists u; apply/ubP=> z zS.
  by apply/ubA; apply/downP; exists z.
case: nzA => x xA; split; first by exists x; apply/le_down.
case: nzubA => u /ubP ubA; exists u; apply/ubP=> y /downP [].
by move=> z zA /le_trans; apply; apply/ubA.
Qed.

Lemma le_sup A B : A `<=` down B -> nonempty A -> has_sup B ->
  sup A <= sup B.
Proof.
move=> le_AB nz_A hs_B; have hs_A: has_sup A.
  split=> //; case: hs_B => _ [x ubx].
  exists x; apply/ubP=> y /le_AB /downP[z zB le_yz].
  by apply/(le_trans le_yz); move/ubP: ubx; apply.
rewrite leNgt -subr_gt0; apply/negP => lt_sup.
case: (sup_adherent lt_sup hs_A )=> x /le_AB xdB.
rewrite subKr => lt_Bx; case/downP: xdB => z zB.
move/(lt_le_trans lt_Bx); rewrite ltNge.
by move/ubP : (sup_upper_bound hs_B) => ->.
Qed.

Lemma le_inf A B : -%R @` B `<=` down (-%R @` A) -> nonempty B -> has_inf A ->
  inf A <= inf B.
Proof.
move=> SBA AB Ai; rewrite ler_oppl opprK le_sup// ?has_inf_supN//.
exact/nonemptyN.
Qed.

Lemma sup_down A : sup (down A) = sup A.
Proof.
have [supA|supNA] := pselect (has_sup A); last first.
  by rewrite !sup_out // => /has_sup_down.
have supDA : has_sup (down A) by apply/has_sup_down.
apply/eqP; rewrite eq_le !le_sup //.
- by case: supA => -[x xA] _; exists x; apply/le_down.
- by rewrite downK; exact: le_down.
- by case: supA.
Qed.

Lemma lt_sup_imfset {T : Type} (F : T -> R) l :
  has_sup [set y | exists x, y = F x] ->
  l < sup [set y | exists x, y = F x] ->
  exists2 x, l < F x & F x <= sup [set y | exists x, y = F x].
Proof.
set P := [set y | _] => hs; rewrite -subr_gt0.
move=> /sup_adherent/(_ hs)[_ [x ->]]; rewrite subKr=> lt_lFx.
by exists x => //; move/ubP : (sup_upper_bound hs) => -> //; exists x.
Qed.

Lemma lt_inf_imfset {T : Type} (F : T -> R) l :
  has_inf [set y | exists x, y = F x] ->
  inf [set y | exists x, y = F x] < l ->
  exists2 x, F x < l & inf [set y | exists x, y = F x] <= F x.
Proof.
set P := [set y | _]; move=> hs; rewrite -subr_gt0.
move=> /inf_adherent/(_ hs)[_ [x ->]]; rewrite addrCA subrr addr0 => ltFxl.
by exists x=> //; move/lbP : (inf_lower_bound hs) => -> //; exists x.
Qed.

End Sup.

Lemma int_lbound_has_minimum (B : set int) i : B !=set0 -> lbound B i ->
  exists j, B j /\ forall k, B k -> j <= k.
Proof.
move=> [i0 Bi0] lbBi; have [n i0in] : exists n, i0 - i = n%:Z.
  by exists `|i0 - i|%N; rewrite gez0_abs // subr_ge0; exact: lbBi.
elim: n i lbBi i0in => [i lbBi /eqP|n ih i lbBi i0in1].
  by rewrite subr_eq0 => /eqP i0i; exists i0; split =>// k Bk; rewrite i0i lbBi.
have i0i1n : i0 - (i + 1) = n by rewrite opprD addrA i0in1 -addn1 PoszD addrK.
have [?|/not_forallP] := pselect (lbound B (i + 1)); first exact: (ih (i + 1)).
move=> /contrapT[x /not_implyP[Bx i1x]]; exists x; split => // k Bk.
rewrite (le_trans _ (lbBi _ Bk)) //.
by move/negP : i1x; rewrite -ltNge ltz_addr1.
Qed.

Section rat_in_itvoo.

Let bound_div (R : archiFieldType) (x y : R) : nat :=
  if y < 0 then 0%N else Num.bound (y / x).

Let archi_bound_divP (R : archiFieldType) (x y : R) :
  0 < x -> y < x *+ bound_div x y.
Proof.
move=> x0; have [y0|y0] := leP 0 y; last by rewrite /bound_div y0 mulr0n.
rewrite /bound_div (ltNge y 0) y0/= -mulr_natl -ltr_pdivr_mulr//.
by rewrite archi_boundP// (divr_ge0 _(ltW _)).
Qed.

Lemma rat_in_itvoo (R : realType) (x y : R) :
  x < y -> exists q, ratr q \in `]x, y[.
Proof.
move=> xy; move: (xy); rewrite -subr_gt0.
move=> /(archi_bound_divP 1); set n := bound_div _ _ => nyx.
have [m1 m1nx] : exists m1, m1.+1%:~R > x *+ n.
  have := archi_bound_divP (x *+ n) ltr01; set p := bound_div _ _ => nxp.
  have [x0|x0] := ltP 0 x.
    exists p.-1; rewrite prednK // lt0n; apply: contraPN nxp => /eqP ->.
    by apply/negP; rewrite -leNgt mulrn_wge0 // ltW.
  by exists 0%N; rewrite (le_lt_trans _ ltr01) // mulrn_wle0.
have [m2 m2nx] : exists m2, m2.+1%:~R > - x *+ n.
  have := archi_bound_divP (- x *+ n) ltr01; set p := bound_div _ _ => nxp.
  have [x0|x0] := ltP 0 x.
    by exists O; rewrite (le_lt_trans _ ltr01) // nmulrn_rle0// oppr_lt0.
  exists p.-1; rewrite prednK // -(ltr_nat R) (le_lt_trans _ nxp) //.
  by rewrite mulrn_wge0 // oppr_ge0.
have : exists m, -(m2.+1 : int) <= m <= m1.+1 /\ m%:~R - 1 <= x *+ n < m%:~R.
  have m2m1 : - (m2.+1 : int) < m1.+1.
    by rewrite -(ltr_int R) (lt_trans _ m1nx)// rmorphN /= ltr_oppl // -mulNrn.
  pose B := [set m : int | m%:~R > x *+ n].
  have m1B : B m1.+1 by [].
  have m2B : lbound B (- m2.+1%:~R).
    move=> i; rewrite /B /= -(opprK (x *+ n)) -ltr_oppl -mulNrn => nxi.
    rewrite -(mulN1r m2.+1%:~R) mulN1r -ler_oppl.
    by have := lt_trans nxi m2nx; rewrite intz -mulrNz ltr_int => /ltW.
  have [m [Bm infB]] := int_lbound_has_minimum (ex_intro _ _ m1B) m2B.
  have mN1B : ~ B (m - 1).
    by move=> /infB; apply/negP; rewrite -ltNge ltr_subl_addr ltz_addr1.
  exists m; split; [apply/andP; split|apply/andP; split] => //.
  - by move: m2B; rewrite /lbound /= => /(_ _ Bm); rewrite intz.
  - exact: infB.
  - by rewrite leNgt; apply/negP; rewrite /B /= intrD in mN1B.
move=> [m [/andP[m2m mm1] /andP[mnx nxm]]].
have [/andP[a b] c] : x *+ n < m%:~R <= 1 + x *+ n /\ 1 + x *+ n < y *+ n.
  split; [apply/andP; split|] => //; first by rewrite -ler_subl_addl.
  by move: nyx; rewrite mulrnDl -ltr_subr_addr mulNrn.
have n_gt0 : n != 0%N by apply: contraTN nyx => /eqP ->; rewrite mulr0n ltr10.
exists (m%:Q / n%:Q); rewrite in_itv /=; apply/andP; split.
  rewrite rmorphM (@rmorphV _ _ _ n%:~R); first by rewrite unitfE // intr_eq0.
  rewrite ltr_pdivl_mulr /=; first by rewrite ltr0q ltr0z ltz_nat lt0n.
  by rewrite mulrC // !ratr_int mulr_natl.
rewrite rmorphM /= (@rmorphV _ _ _ n%:~R); first by rewrite unitfE // intr_eq0.
rewrite ltr_pdivr_mulr /=; first by rewrite ltr0q ltr0z ltz_nat lt0n.
by rewrite 2!ratr_int mulr_natr (le_lt_trans _ c).
Qed.

End rat_in_itvoo.
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