Library mathcomp.ssreflect.binomial

(* (c) Copyright 2006-2016 Microsoft Corporation and Inria.                  
 Distributed under the terms of CeCILL-B.                                  *)

From mathcomp Require Import ssreflect ssrfun ssrbool eqtype ssrnat seq path.
From mathcomp Require Import div fintype tuple finfun bigop prime finset.

This files contains the definition of: 'C(n, m) == the binomial coefficient n choose m. n ^_ m == the falling (or lower) factorial of n with m terms, i.e., the product n * (n - 1) * ... * (n - m + 1). Note that n ^_ m = 0 if m > n, and 'C(n, m) = n ^_ m %/ m`!. In additions to the properties of these functions, we prove a few seminal results such as triangular_sum, Wilson and Pascal; their proofs are good examples of how to manipulate expressions with bigops.

Set Implicit Arguments.

More properties of the factorial *
The falling factorial

Fixpoint ffact_rec n m := if m is m'.+1 then n × ffact_rec n.-1 m' else 1.

Definition falling_factorial := nosimpl ffact_rec.

Notation "n ^_ m" := (falling_factorial n m)
  (at level 30, right associativity) : nat_scope.

Lemma ffactE : falling_factorial = ffact_rec.

Lemma ffactn0 n : n ^_ 0 = 1.

Lemma ffact0n m : 0 ^_ m = (m == 0).

Lemma ffactnS n m : n ^_ m.+1 = n × n.-1 ^_ m.

Lemma ffactSS n m : n.+1 ^_ m.+1 = n.+1 × n ^_ m.

Lemma ffactn1 n : n ^_ 1 = n.

Lemma ffactnSr n m : n ^_ m.+1 = n ^_ m × (n - m).

Lemma ffact_prod n m : n ^_ m = \prod_(i < m) (n - i).

Lemma ffact_gt0 n m : (0 < n ^_ m) = (m n).

Lemma ffact_small n m : n < m n ^_ m = 0.

Lemma ffactnn n : n ^_ n = n`!.

Lemma ffact_fact n m : m n n ^_ m × (n - m)`! = n`!.

Lemma ffact_factd n m : m n n ^_ m = n`! %/ (n - m)`!.

Binomial coefficients

Fixpoint binomial_rec n m :=
  match n, m with
  | n'.+1, m'.+1binomial_rec n' m + binomial_rec n' m'
  | _, 0 ⇒ 1
  | 0, _.+1 ⇒ 0
  end.
Arguments binomial_rec : simpl nomatch.

Definition binomial := nosimpl binomial_rec.

Notation "''C' ( n , m )" := (binomial n m)
  (at level 8, format "''C' ( n , m )") : nat_scope.

Lemma binE : binomial = binomial_rec.

Lemma bin0 n : 'C(n, 0) = 1.

Lemma bin0n m : 'C(0, m) = (m == 0).

Lemma binS n m : 'C(n.+1, m.+1) = 'C(n, m.+1) + 'C(n, m).

Lemma bin1 n : 'C(n, 1) = n.

Lemma bin_gt0 n m : (0 < 'C(n, m)) = (m n).

Lemma leq_bin2l n1 n2 m : n1 n2 'C(n1, m) 'C(n2, m).

Lemma bin_small n m : n < m 'C(n, m) = 0.

Lemma binn n : 'C(n, n) = 1.

Multiply to move diagonally down and right in the Pascal triangle.
In fact the only exception for bin_factd is n = 0 and m = 1
Lemma bin_factd n m : 0 < n 'C(n, m) = n`! %/ (m`! × (n - m)`!).

Lemma bin_ffact n m : 'C(n, m) × m`! = n ^_ m.

Lemma bin_ffactd n m : 'C(n, m) = n ^_ m %/ m`!.

Lemma bin_sub n m : m n 'C(n, n - m) = 'C(n, m).

Multiply to move down in the Pascal triangle.
Multiply to move left in the Pascal triangle.
Combinatorial characterizations.